Alienígenas na sala: o que fazer com espécies exóticas em trabalhos de taxonomia, florística e fitossociologia?

Abstract

RESUMO(Alienígenas na sala: o que fazer com espécies exóticas em trabalhos de taxonomia, florística e fitossociologia?): A presença cada vez mais disseminada de organismos exóticos (muitos dos quais se tornam invasores) nas diferentes regiões do planeta levou ao surgimento de uma linha de pesquisa na ecologia voltada às invasões biológicas. E para permitir a comunicação entre autores também foi desenvolvido um arcabouço terminológico. Mas, apesar disso, a terminologia relativa às bioinvasões tem sido ignorada por boa parte dos botânicos no Brasil. Há uma boa dose de confusão entre botânicos sobre o que seja uma espécie exótica, naturalizada, invasora, daninha e ruderal, levando ao uso inconsistente da terminologia. Além disso, diferentes autores têm adotado posturas praticamente opostas ao lidar com espécies exóticas em suas áreas de estudo, seja na preparação de tratamentos taxonômicos, seja na publicação de levantamentos florísticos e fitossociológicos. Enquanto alguns pesquisadores incluem em floras mesmo espécies cultivadas que não se reproduzem, outros excluem plantas invasoras comuns e conspícuas. Nós apresentamos aqui, em português, os principais conceitos relativos ao tema da bioinvasão e chamamos a atenção dos autores brasileiros para a necessidade de utilizar de modo consistente o arcabouço terminológico já existente na literatura. Também propomos a adoção de rótulos claros para informar quais espécies são exóticas na área estudada, diferenciando-as das nativas, e sugerimos critérios para ajudar botânicos a decidirem quando uma planta exótica deve ou não ser incluída em tratamentos taxonômicos ou levantamentos de florística. Palavras-chaves: Conceitos, espécies exóticas, invasões biológicas, floras ABSTRACT(Aliens in the room: what to do with exotic species in taxonomic, floristic and phytosociological studies?): The ever--growing presence of exotic organisms (many of which become invasive) throughout the planet has led to the emergence of biological invasions as a field of study within ecology. To enable communication between scientists in this field, a terminology has developed. However, this terminology has been ignored by many botanists in Brazil where there is confusion regarding definition of exotic, naturalized, invasive, weed and ruderal species, leading to inconsistent use of the concepts. Moreover, different authors have adopted antagonistic positions when dealing with exotic species existing in their study areas, either in the preparation of taxonomic treatments or in floristic and phytosociological surveys. While some authors include in floras cultivated, non reproducing species, others exclude even widespread and common invasives. We present here, in Portuguese, the main concepts related to the theme of bioinvasion and draw the attention of Brazilian authors to the necessity for consistent use of the terminological framework available for biological invasions. We also propose that authors should clearly label exotic plants reported in their work, differentiating exotics from native species...

Structure of the understory community in four stretches of Araucaria forest in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

“…Plants that would not have occurred naturally in the study area if not intentionally or accidentally introduced were considered exotic species (Moro et al 2012). All non-native species were included in the exotic species category, as described by Forzza et al (2012) and Wanderley et al (2011).…”

“…All non-native species were included in the exotic species category, as described by Forzza et al (2012) and Wanderley et al (2011). Native or exotic plants that are common in areas heavily disturbed by human activity were classified as ruderal plants, as defined by Moro et al (2012), and were identified by comparison between the floristic list of our study areas and those of the studies conducted by Leitão-Filho et al (1972), Gavilanes & D' Angieri-Filho (1991), Lorenzi (2000) and Carneiro & Irgang (2005).…”

Mimosa scabrella BENTH. (FABACEAE) ENHANCES THE RESTORATION IN COAL MINING AREAS IN THE ATLANTIC RAINFOREST

“…It is necessary to point out, however, that the main objective of restoration is not to recreate the original ecosystem, but to reestablish land productivity and its function (KAISER-BUNBURRY et al, 2017) to a point where the environment will be sustainable in the long-term, with dominant species able to establish and persist on the site (LUGO, 1992;BROWN;LUGO, 1994;PARROTA, 2003;HOBBS et al, 2007;ALDAY et al, 2010). In view of that, restoration also could not be totally confi rmed by PRP due to the almost absence of spontaneous succession within the plots that received exotic species, since these species are recognized as one of the main causes of biodiversity loss on the planet (MORO et al 2012) and are present in current legislation in Santa Catarina (SANTA CATARINA, 2012). On the other hand, at the M. scabrella plots, it was evidenced several characteristics related to the improvement of the ecosystem structure (species composition and complexity) and function, as follows: explicit improvement of soil conditions, vegetation coverage composed of distinct life forms distributed in a vertical stratifi cation with species composition very similar to the nearby natural forest remnants; predominance of pioneer species but also with late secondary and climax species; native tree and other life forms species spontaneous succession on the site and predominance of zoophilous and zoochorous species that attract and maintain native fauna.…”

Phytosociology and Structural Characterization of Woody Regeneration From a Reforestation With Native Species in Southeastern Brazil

“…Although Mimosa caesalpiniifolia is Brazilian native specie, it does not occur spontaneously in Atlantic forest; therefore, it is considered exotic specie in this biome, according to Moro et al (2012) classification criterion. Tecoma stans is an exotic specie also found in the RPPN.…”