Algal toxins and water‐based diseases

Responses of antioxidant systems in the hepatocytes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to the toxicity of microcystin-LR

“…These toxins are severely hepatotoxic (Carmichael et al, 1985), are produced in Microcystis cells and are released into water body when algal cells are broken. Degradation of MC in water is slow and the toxins often remain in the water supply used by people.…”

“…Degradation of MC in water is slow and the toxins often remain in the water supply used by people. There are many reports that Microcystis bloom leads to liver damage in human populations whose water supplies were contaminated by toxic Microcystis (Falconer et al, 1983;Carmichael et al, 1985;Carmichael, 1994;Bell and Codd, 1994 (Runnegar et al, 1987;Takenaka and Otsu, 1999). But little is known about the responses of antioxidant enzymes activities to microcystin-LR in freshwater fish hepatocytes and the relationship between ROS contents and MC shock.…”

Selective control of toxicMicrocystis water blooms using lysine and malonic acid: An enclosure experiment

“…Microcystis, which is a genus of cyanobacteria, is the most common bloom-forming cyanobacterium in lake ecosystems. It is known to be frequently toxic and to produce hepatotoxic microcystins that cause major problems in water supplies, resulting in growing public health concerns (Falconer et al, 1983;Carmichael et al, 1985;Galey et al, 1987). It is well known that toxic cyanobacterial water blooms frequently occur in eutrophic freshwaters.…”

The toxic effects of microcystin-LR on embryo-larval and juvenile development of loach, Misguruns mizolepis Gunthe

“…The freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa produces a group of cyclic peptides which are known to be toxic to mammals, ®sh, birds and invertebrates in many regions of the world (Gorham, 1964;Carmichael et al, 1985;Falconer, 1991). The toxins are named microcystins (MCYST, MC) and have the general structure cyclo-(dAla-l-X-erythro-b-methyl-d-isoAsp-l-Y-Adda-d-isoGlu-NmethyldehydroAla), where Adda refers to the b-amino acid residue of 3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid, and X and Y represent variable lamino acids (Carmichael, 1994;Dawson, 1998).…”