Alarming update on incidence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iraq in 2023

Atwan, Zeenah; Alhilfi, Riyad; Mousa, Alaa K; Rawaf, Salman; Torre, Juan D.L.; Hashim, Ali R; Sharquie, Inas K; Khaleel, Hanan; Tabche, Celine

doi:10.1016/j.ijregi.2023.11.018

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Similarly, Iran has experienced a significant surge in CCHF cases after the first human infection was discovered in 1999 8 . CCHF cases surged in Iraq from 33 in 2021 to 511 by August 2023 23 . Due to its high death rates, CCHF was formerly categorized as a category C illness.…”

Section: Risk Evaluation Of Cchfv To Cause Global Pandemicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The current pathogenicity and potential risk evaluation of Crimean‐Congo hemorrhagic fever virus to cause mysterious “Disease X”—An updated literature review

Jannath,

Islam

2024

Health Science Reports

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Background and AimsCrimean‐Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe and potentially lethal illness. Tick bites of the Hyalomma genus are the primary source of transmission of CCHF to humans. The virus responsible for CCHF is the CCHF virus (CCHFV). It is a single‐stranded negative sensed RNA virus. The virus belongs to the Orthonairoviridae genus within the Nairoviridae family. It occurs in an extensive geographical area spanning the Middle East, western China, southern Asia, southeastern Europe, and much of Africa. The current study aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity and potential risk of CCHFV to cause a public health emergency of international concern.MethodsWe searched updated relevant information from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases using Crimean‐Congo hemorrhagic fever, tick‐borne virus, and Nairovirus as keywords.ResultsThe case fatality rate (CFR) varies by region. It can be more than 30% in some cases. Three segments in the genome of CCHFV (L, M, and S) are different in size and function. It is unknown whether the pathogenicity of CCHFV varied based on the genomic diversity. CCHFV can be transmitted through tick bites, handling of infected ticks, contact with infected humans, contaminated body fluids, and so on. A wide range of severity is associated with CCHF, ranging from a moderate fever with no apparent cause to increased vascular permeability, failure of several organs, bleeding, and shock. Hospitals with high‐level isolation units should be the first choice for treating CCHF patients. Individual safety equipment is crucial in healthcare to prevent the spread of the virus. In the farm environment, using integrated pest management techniques, minimizing activity in tick‐infested regions, and dressing appropriately in long sleeves and pants will help to reduce the risk of CCHFV infection via tick bites.ConclusionThere are no approved vaccinations or therapeutics for CCHF except supportive therapeutic approaches. Therefore, scientists recommend early ribavirin therapy for cases of high‐risk exposures.

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Section: Risk Evaluation Of Cchfv To Cause Global Pandemicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 8 CCHF cases surged in Iraq from 33 in 2021 to 511 by August 2023. 23 Due to its high death rates, CCHF was formerly categorized as a category C illness. Ticks are the primary vectors of CCHFV transmission, can spread to new areas, and become endemic due to the variety of animals they feed on.…”

Section: Risk Evaluation Of Cchfv To Cause Global Pandemicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The current pathogenicity and potential risk evaluation of Crimean‐Congo hemorrhagic fever virus to cause mysterious “Disease X”—An updated literature review

Jannath,

Islam

2024

Health Science Reports

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Control strategies for emerging infectious diseases: Crimean‐Congo hemorrhagic fever management

Srivastava,

Kumar,

Sharma

et al. 2024

Health Science Reports

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Background and AimsCrimean‐Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a significant public health concern transmitted by ticks. This study seeks to thoroughly grasp the epidemiology and transmission patterns of CCHF, which is caused by the CCHF virus (CCHFV), a member of the Nairovirus genus in the Bunyaviridae family.MethodsThe study investigates the global distribution and endemicity of CCHF, its mortality rates, modes of transmission (including tick bites, contact with infected animal blood, and limited person‐to‐person transmission), and factors influencing its prevalence across different regions. Genetic diversity within CCHFV and its impact on transmission dynamics are explored, along with efforts to control the disease through tick prevention, antiviral treatment, and the development of vaccines and diagnostics.ResultsCCHFV exhibits widespread distribution, particularly in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe, with an overall mortality rate of approximately 30% and a case fatality rate ranging from 10% to 40%. Transmission occurs primarily through tick bites and contact with infected animal blood, with limited person‐to‐person transmission. Livestock workers, slaughterhouse employees, and animal herders in endemic areas are most affected by their frequent interaction with sick animals and ticks. Genetic diversity within CCHFV contributes to variations in transmission dynamics, complicating control efforts. Antiviral ribavirin shows efficacy in treating CCHF infection.ConclusionThis study underscores the importance of further research to understand the enzootic environment, transmission routes, and genetic diversity of CCHFV for effective control measures, including the development of vaccines, treatment options, and diagnostics.

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