Agriculture by Irrigation Modifies Microbial Communities and Soil Functions Associated With Enhancing C Uptake of a Steppe Semi-Arid Soil in Northern Patagonia

Abstract

The transformation of the semiarid steppe soil after 5 years of intensive irrigated agriculture in Northern Patagonia was analyzed in an on-farm study. The private grower venture used conservative practices, including no-till to maintain soil structure, high crop rotation and cover crops. To characterize steppe soil changes by irrigated agriculture, we analyzed the enzymatic activities involved in the biogeochemical cycles (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur), the whole soil fatty acids profile, the state of soil aggregation, and the bacterial and fungal microbiota through DNA sequencing methods. After 5 years of management, irrigated agriculture soil increased organic matter (25–33%), enzymatic activities -Cellobiose-hydrolase (60–250%), Phosphatase (35–60%), Xylanase (101–185%), Aryl-sulphatase (32–100%), Chitinase (85%), β-Glucosidase (61–128%), Leucine-aminopeptidase (138%)—depending on soil series, and macro-aggregate formation at the expense of the abundance of micro-aggregates in the first 0–5 cm of soil. Whole soil fatty acids profiles changed, enhancing mono-unsaturated, branched, cyclic and methylated fatty acids. Microbial communities showed significant differences between irrigated agriculture sites and pristine valleys. The richness-based alpha-diversity established increased bacterial communities but decreased fungal communities in cultivated soil. Indicators selected using the LEfSe method revealed the bacterial taxa Acidothermus, Conexibacter and Thermoleophilum, associated with semiarid steppe soil while Asticcacaulis, Aquicella and Acromobacter with irrigated agriculture. Ascomycota Phylum changed its community composition, being both taxa Aspergillus and Alternaria reduced while Stagonospora and Metarhizium were enhanced in irrigated agriculture. Taxa belonging to Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Betaproteobacteria, that were enriched in irrigated agriculture soils, were associated with higher capture of C but smaller values of aggregation, while taxa abundant on steppe soils belonging to Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Firmicutes were positively associated with soil aggregation but negatively with C uptake.

Host selection has a stronger impact on leaf microbiome assembly compared to land‐management practices

“…Conversely, irrigated plots had higher microbial diversity compared to the controlled plots. This trend supports previous studies from the same site (Colombo et al, 2016; Zheng et al, 2017) and from other regions (Frene et al, 2022; Hartman et al, 2018). Interestingly, the clusters from PCoA analysis and ANOVA results on the Shannon diversity index suggested that across all below‐ground microbiomes, irrigation alone and irrigation–fertilizer treatments had similar profiles, suggesting a stronger impact of irrigation on microbial community compared to fertilization treatments (Li et al, 2021).…”

Effects of bacterial composition and aquatic habitat metabolites on malaria vector larval availability in irrigated and non-irrigated sites of Homa Bay county, western Kenya

“…Based on MALDI-TOF MS and sequencing results, larval sources in irrigated areas had higher bacterial species diversity and abundance than sources in non-irrigated areas. Similar to previous research that linked increased soil bacterial abundance and diversity to irrigation [53,54], the findings of this study confirm the influence of irrigation on increased bacterial abundance and species diversity that may influence larval productivity on larval sources or pools. MALDI-TOF MS, revealed Shigella and Escherichia as the dominant genera in larval sources with larvae presence in irrigated areas.…”

Host selection has stronger impact on leaf microbiome assembly compared to land-management practices

“…Conversely, irrigated plots had higher microbial diversity compared to the controlled plots. This trend supports previous studies from the same site (Colombo et al , 2015; Zheng et al ., 2017) and from other regions (Hartmann et al ., 2017; Frene et al ., 2022). Interestingly, the clusters from PCoA analysis and ANOVA results on the Shannon diversity index suggested that across all below-ground microbiome, irrigation alone and irrigation-fertilizer treatments had similar profiles suggesting stronger impact of irrigation on microbial community compared to fertilization treatments.…”