Agoraphobia: a test of the separation anxiety hypothesis

Is early separation anxiety a specific precursor of panic disorder–agoraphobia? a community study

“…The few studies that have based measurement on a dimensional approach (e.g. Thyer et al 1985Thyer et al , 1986, have been marred by a failure to discriminate among actual separation events, exposure to early mother-child bonding difficulties, and subjective aspects of anxiety (de Ruiter & van Ijzendoorn, 1992).…”

Is early separation anxiety a specific precursor of panic disorder–agoraphobia? a community study

“…The few studies that have based measurement on a dimensional approach (e.g. Thyer et al 1985Thyer et al , 1986, have been marred by a failure to discriminate among actual separation events, exposure to early mother-child bonding difficulties, and subjective aspects of anxiety (de Ruiter & van Ijzendoorn, 1992).…”

Does Repression Exist? Memory, Pathogenic, Unconscious and Clinical Evidence

“…Accordingly, some investigators found a significant relationship between separation anxiety and agoraphobia or panic disorder (e.g., Bandelow et al, 2002;Laraia, Stuart, Frye, Lydiard, & Ballenger, 1994;Silove et al, 1995). However, others could not replicate the relationship between separation anxiety and agoraphobia with panic disorder, and some claim that this hypothesis should be abandoned (e.g., Thyer, Himle, & Fischer, 1988;Thyer, Nesse, Cameron, & Curtis, 1985;Thyer, Nesse, Curtis, & Cameron, 1986). Even if separation anxiety is truly linked to agoraphobia and panic disorder, this does not necessarily reflect repression, because separation anxiety was measured by selfreport scales indicating that subjects were aware of their separation experiences (e.g., see Bandelow et al, 2001;Zitrin & Ross, 1988).…”

The comorbidity of anxiety and depression, and the implications of comorbidity for prevention.

“…Nolen-Hoeksema, Girgus, & Seligman, 1992). Specific stressful life events are also clearly factors in the development of some phobias (Ost, 1987;Thyer, Neese, Cameron, & Curtis, 1985) and posttraumatic stress disorder (Barlow, 2002).…”

Is early separation anxiety a specific precursor of panic disorder–agoraphobia? a community study

“…The few studies that have based measurement on a dimensional approach (e.g. Thyer et al 1985Thyer et al , 1986, have been marred by a failure to discriminate among actual separation events, exposure to early mother-child bonding difficulties, and subjective aspects of anxiety (de Ruiter & van Ijzendoorn, 1992).…”

Does Repression Exist? Memory, Pathogenic, Unconscious and Clinical Evidence

“…Accordingly, some investigators found a significant relationship between separation anxiety and agoraphobia or panic disorder (e.g., Bandelow et al, 2002;Laraia, Stuart, Frye, Lydiard, & Ballenger, 1994;Silove et al, 1995). However, others could not replicate the relationship between separation anxiety and agoraphobia with panic disorder, and some claim that this hypothesis should be abandoned (e.g., Thyer, Himle, & Fischer, 1988;Thyer, Nesse, Cameron, & Curtis, 1985;Thyer, Nesse, Curtis, & Cameron, 1986). Even if separation anxiety is truly linked to agoraphobia and panic disorder, this does not necessarily reflect repression, because separation anxiety was measured by selfreport scales indicating that subjects were aware of their separation experiences (e.g., see Bandelow et al, 2001;Zitrin & Ross, 1988).…”

The comorbidity of anxiety and depression, and the implications of comorbidity for prevention.

“…Nolen-Hoeksema, Girgus, & Seligman, 1992). Specific stressful life events are also clearly factors in the development of some phobias (Ost, 1987;Thyer, Neese, Cameron, & Curtis, 1985) and posttraumatic stress disorder (Barlow, 2002).…”

Is early separation anxiety a specific precursor of panic disorder–agoraphobia? a community study

“…The few studies that have based measurement on a dimensional approach (e.g. Thyer et al 1985Thyer et al , 1986, have been marred by a failure to discriminate among actual separation events, exposure to early mother-child bonding difficulties, and subjective aspects of anxiety (de Ruiter & van Ijzendoorn, 1992).…”

Does Repression Exist? Memory, Pathogenic, Unconscious and Clinical Evidence

“…Accordingly, some investigators found a significant relationship between separation anxiety and agoraphobia or panic disorder (e.g., Bandelow et al, 2002;Laraia, Stuart, Frye, Lydiard, & Ballenger, 1994;Silove et al, 1995). However, others could not replicate the relationship between separation anxiety and agoraphobia with panic disorder, and some claim that this hypothesis should be abandoned (e.g., Thyer, Himle, & Fischer, 1988;Thyer, Nesse, Cameron, & Curtis, 1985;Thyer, Nesse, Curtis, & Cameron, 1986). Even if separation anxiety is truly linked to agoraphobia and panic disorder, this does not necessarily reflect repression, because separation anxiety was measured by selfreport scales indicating that subjects were aware of their separation experiences (e.g., see Bandelow et al, 2001;Zitrin & Ross, 1988).…”

The comorbidity of anxiety and depression, and the implications of comorbidity for prevention.

“…Nolen-Hoeksema, Girgus, & Seligman, 1992). Specific stressful life events are also clearly factors in the development of some phobias (Ost, 1987;Thyer, Neese, Cameron, & Curtis, 1985) and posttraumatic stress disorder (Barlow, 2002).…”