Agglutination of bacteria and erythrocytes by serum from six species of marine molluscs

Fisher, William S.; DiNuzzo, Anthony R.

doi:10.1016/0022-2011(91)90142-d

Cited by 68 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This observation may indicate a strategy employed by oysters to rapidly prevent growth and spread of bacteria to surrounding tissues. The ability to rapidly inactivate bacteria could be attributed to the high intensity and titer of agglutinins in the plasma of C. virginica (21), which are thought to enhance phagocytosis, ROS production, and lysosomal degradation of foreign particles (23). However, we demonstrated that oysters exposed to HH are less capable of inactivating bacteria, with approximately 22% of the injected V. campbellii bacteria remaining culturable by 24 h, compared with 10% for oysters maintained in well-aerated water (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hemocytes are responsible for phagocytosis of nonself particles (28,31,37), agglutination and encapsulation of foreign materials (21,57), production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (8,24), and lysis of foreign cells. Essential to these processes is the ability of hemocytes to migrate across epithelial borders to the exterior, where foreign particles are ingested and/or eliminated (20,30).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of Hypercapnic Hypoxia on Inactivation and Elimination of Vibrio campbellii in the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica

Macey

Achilihu

Burnett

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, inhabits shallow coastal waters that frequently experience periods of low dissolved oxygen (hypoxia) and elevated CO 2 (hypercapnia) levels. Bacteria are extremely abundant in these environments and accumulate in large numbers in filter-feeding oysters, which can act as passive carriers of human pathogens. Although hypercapnic hypoxia (HH) can affect certain specific immune mechanisms, its direct effect on the inactivation, degradation and elimination of bacteria in oysters is unknown. This research was conducted to determine whether exposure to HH reduces the ability of C. virginica to inactivate and eliminate Vibrio campbellii following its injection into the adductor muscle. Oysters were held in fully airsaturated (normoxic; partial O 2 pressure [P O2 ] ‫؍‬ 20.7 kPa, CO 2 < 0.06 kPa, pH 7.8 to 8.0) or HH (P O2 ‫؍‬ 4 kPa, CO 2 ‫؍‬ 1.8 kPa, pH 6.5 to 6.8) seawater at 25°C for 4 h before being injected in the adductor muscle with 10 5 live Vibrio campbellii bacteria and remained under these conditions for the remainder of the experiment (up to 24 h postinjection). Real-time PCR was used to quantify the number of intact V. campbellii bacteria, while selective plating was used to quantify the number of injected bacteria remaining culturable in whole-oyster tissues, seawater, and feces/pseudofeces at 0, 1, 4, and 24 h postinjection. We found that oysters maintained under normoxic conditions were very efficient at inactivating and degrading large numbers of injected bacteria within their tissues. Moreover, a small percentage (ϳ10%) of injected bacteria were passed into the surrounding seawater, while less than 1% were recovered in the feces/pseudofeces. In contrast, HH increased the percentage of culturable bacteria recovered from the tissues of oysters, suggesting an overall decrease in bacteriostasis. We suggest that poor water quality may increase the risk that oysters will harbor and transmit bacterial pathogens hazardous to human and ecosystem health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Hypercapnic Hypoxia on Inactivation and Elimination of Vibrio campbellii in the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica

Macey

Achilihu

Burnett

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Hemolymph serum samples were diluted 1:1 in Alsever's solution. Serial 2-fold dilutions of 50 µl serum in 96-well microtiter plates were assayed with 50 µl of SRBC (7 × 10 6 cell ml -1 ) suspension in 8.5 psu artificial seawater (Fisher & DiNuzzo 1991). Microtiter plates were recorded as the reciprocal of the highest dilution showing positive agglutination and expressed as log 2 values to reflect the 2-fold serial dilutions.…”

Section: Study Area Terminos Lagoon Is Located Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with the prevalence of Perkinsus marinus in Crassostrea virginica from the southern Gulf of Mexico

Klanian¹,

Herrera-Silveira²,

Rodríguez-Canul³

et al. 2008

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The protozoan Perkinsus marinus is considered the most important pathogen of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica, causing high mortality in natural and farmed oysters on the Atlantic coast of the US. In Mexico, no serious P. marinus epizootic has been reported. This study describes the current state of P. marinus prevalence in Terminos Lagoon (Mexico) associated with environmental factors including salinity, temperature, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, silica, and phosphorus. In addition, the association of physiological (hemocyte density, protein concentration) and immunological (lysozyme, agglutination) parameters with the infection were studied. The prevalence was significantly different among seasons with mean values of 70, 23, and 7% in the dry (February to May), rainy (June to September) and north-wind (October to January) seasons, respectively. Only light infection intensity (Mackin scale value <1) was observed. Prevalence of P. marinus was associated with seasonal salinity, phosphorus, and silica variations. Comparisons of oyster health demonstrates that the rainy and north-wind seasons are stressful periods. Redundancy analysis showed that only 34% of the variation in seasonal P. marinus prevalence was explained by protein concentration (21%), lysozyme (12%), and agglutination (1%). Overall, the data suggest that freshwater input associated with high nutrient concentrations during the rainy and north-wind seasons has a strong negative effect on P. marinus prevalence and also influences the oysters' physiology. It is probable that this seasonal stress was responsible for the absence of an epizootic event in Terminos Lagoon. KEY WORDS: Perkinsus marinus · Crassostrea virginica · Environmental control · Salinity · Silica · ProteinResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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“…Oyster and clam lectins have been shown to agglutinate a variety of bacterial strains; however, little consistency was found both among isolates of the same bacterial species and between two bivalve species (Fisher and DiNuzzo, 1991). Crassostrea gigas hemolymph contains different types of lectins (gigalins) that agglutinate bacteria, including Listonella anguillarum (Olafsen et al, 1992).…”

Section: Bacteria-hemocyte Interactions Leading To Phagocytosis: the mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteria–hemocyte interactions and phagocytosis in marine bivalves

Canesi

Gallo

Gavioli

et al. 2002

Microscopy Res & Technique

366

217

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Marine bivalves (such as mussels, oysters, and clams) are widespread mollusks in coastal waters at different latitudes; due to their filter-feeding habits, they accumulate large numbers of bacteria from the harvesting waters and may act as passive carriers of human pathogens. To cope with this challenge, bivalves possess both humoral and cellular defense mechanisms with remarkably effective capabilities. The circulating cells, or hemocytes, are primarily responsible for defense against parasites and pathogens; microbial killing results from the combined action of the phagocytic process with humoral defense factors such as agglutinins (e.g., lectins), lysosomal enzymes (e.g., acid phosphatase, lysozyme), toxic oxygen intermediates, and various antimicrobial peptides. In this work, current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the interactions between bacteria and the hemolymph components of marine bivalves is summarized. Bacterial susceptibility to hemolymph killing in different bivalve species may be a consequence of the different ability of bacterial products to attract phagocytes, the presence or absence of specific opsonizing molecules, the hemocyte capability to bind and engulf different bacteria, and the different bacterial sensitivity to intracellular killing. The role of soluble (e.g., agglutinins and opsonins) and surface-bound factors in bacterial phagocytosis by hemocytes of the most common marine bivalve species is described and the possibility that environmental temperatures and other seasonal factors may influence this process is considered. Moreover, the potential strategies used by bacteria to evade phagocytic killing by hemocytes are discussed. From the available data it is clear that several questions need further investigation; the elucidation of the factors influencing phagocytosis in bivalves and the fundamental strategies used by bacteria to escape hemolymph killing are important not only to understand bivalve immune defenses but also to explain the persistence of pathogenic bacteria in bivalve tissues and to predict the consequent impact on human health.

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Agglutination of bacteria and erythrocytes by serum from six species of marine molluscs

Cited by 68 publications

References 35 publications

Effects of Hypercapnic Hypoxia on Inactivation and Elimination of Vibrio campbellii in the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica

Effects of Hypercapnic Hypoxia on Inactivation and Elimination of Vibrio campbellii in the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica

Factors associated with the prevalence of Perkinsus marinus in Crassostrea virginica from the southern Gulf of Mexico

Bacteria–hemocyte interactions and phagocytosis in marine bivalves

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