Ageing horses by an examination of their incisor teeth: an (im)possible task?

Muylle, Sofie; Simoens, Paul; Lauwers, Henri

doi:10.1136/vr.138.13.295

Cited by 49 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…Material from slaughter horses was used to obtain nasal explants. All horses were between 4 and 7 years old, based on inspection of the dental incisive architecture (Muylle et al, 1996), and were inspected for nasal/ocular discharge and lung pathology. A complement-dependent seroneutralization test was performed on the serum of all horses and EHV-specific antibody titres ranged between 4 and 64.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replication kinetics of neurovirulent versus non-neurovirulent equine herpesvirus type 1 strains in equine nasal mucosal explants

Vandekerckhove

Glorieux

Gryspeerdt

et al. 2010

Journal of General Virology

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Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is the causative agent of equine herpes myeloencephalopathy, of which outbreaks are reported with increasing frequency throughout North America and Europe. This has resulted in its classification as a potentially emerging disease by the US Department of Agriculture. Recently, it was found that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the viral DNA polymerase gene (ORF30) at aa 752 (NAD) is associated with the neurovirulent potential of EHV-1. In the present study, equine respiratory mucosal explants were inoculated with several Belgian isolates typed in their ORF30 as D 752 or N 752 , to evaluate a possible difference in replication in the upper respiratory tract. In addition, to evaluate whether any observed differences could be attributed to the SNP associated with neurovirulence, the experiments were repeated with parental Ab4 (reference neurovirulent strain), parental NY03 (reference non-neurovirulent strain) and their N/D revertant recombinant viruses. The salient findings were that EHV-1 spreads plaquewise in the epithelium, but plaques never cross the basement membrane (BM). However, single EHV-1-infected cells could be observed below the BM at 36 h post-inoculation (p.i.) for all N 752 isolates and at 24 h p.i. for all D 752 isolates, and were identified as monocytic cells and T lymphocytes. Interestingly, the number of infected cells was two to five times higher for D 752 isolates compared with N 752 isolates at every time point analysed. Finally, this study showed that equine respiratory explants are a valuable and reproducible model to study EHV-1 neurovirulence in vitro, thereby reducing the need for horses as experimental animals.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replication kinetics of neurovirulent versus non-neurovirulent equine herpesvirus type 1 strains in equine nasal mucosal explants

Vandekerckhove

Glorieux

Gryspeerdt

et al. 2010

Journal of General Virology

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“…Whereas Galvayne stated that his ageing methods were accurate and unfailable, it is now accepted that dental age determination is far from exact as a multitude of factors can influence the appearance of an individual mouth (Walmsley 1993, Richardson et al 1994, Dyce et al 1996, Muylle et al 1996, 1997, 1998, Barone 1997, AAEP 2002. Factors modifying tooth wear such as breed, nutrition, types of feed stuffs and husbandry make age estimation increasingly unreliable.…”

Section: Galvayne-rinne Unterschiedlicher Längen Bei Pferden Und Ponimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It relies on several criteria including the eruption of both the deciduous and permanent teeth, the presence of dental stars and infundibula, changes in shape of the occlusal surfaces and changes in the arch formed by the upper and lower incisors. The dental ageing technique has been questioned and revised several times and has resulted in a copious amount of specialist literature on the subject (Walmsley 1993, Richardson et al 1994, Dyce et al 1996, Muylle et al 1996, 1997, 1998, Barone 1997, AAEP 2002.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Galvayne’s groove and the presence of a hook on the upper corner incisors are poor indicators of age in horse teeth

Muylle¹,

Loon²,

Simoens³

2007

PHK

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SummaryGalvayne's groove and the dental hook are two characteristic features of the upper corner incisors of horses. Both characteristics have traditionally been claimed to appear at specific ages and have therefore often been used for dental age determination. Recent studies, however, have questioned the accuracy of these criteria and concluded that the presence of a 7-year-hook is irrelevant for estimation of age in horses, whereas Galvayne's groove may be a useful adjunct after all other morphological criteria have been considered. The present paper intends to illustrate the variable appearance of both characteristics in the dentition of Standardbred, Arabian and Belgian draft horses and in mini-Shetlandponies (n = 490) ranging in age from 5 to 28 years old.Keywords: Horse, age determination, incisor, hook, Galvayne's groove Galvayne-Rinne und Einbiss am oberen Eckschneidezahn sind schlechte Indikatoren für die Altersbestimmung des PferdesDie "Galvayne-Rinne" und der "Einbiss" sind charakteristische Kennzeichen des Eckschneidezahns im Oberkiefer. Für beide Merkmale wurde bisher angenommen, dass sie jeweils in einem bestimmten Alter erstmalig in Erscheinung treten. Deshalb sind sie als Kriterien für die Alterschätzung herangezogen worden. Aktuelle Untersuchungen stellen die Genauigkeit dieser Kriterien allerdings in Frage. Das Erscheinen des ersten Einbisses (engl. "7-year-hook") ist demnach irrelevant für die Altersschätzung eines Pferdes. Die Galvayne-Rinne kann eine Altersschätzung sinnvoll ergänzen, unter der Vorraussetzung dass alle anderen morphologischen Kriterien ausreichend berücksichtigt wurden. Die vorliegende Arbeit veranschaulicht die Variabilität beider Merkmale im Gebiss verschiedener Pferderassen (Traber, Araber, Belgisches Kaltblut, Mini-Shetland-Ponies; n = 490; Alter: 5 bis 28 Jahre).

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“…Yet dentinal permeability is an important item in view of dental ageing in horses because it may affect the particular coloration of the dental star. The dental star is a dark configuration that is visible on the occlusal surface of equine incisors and forms an important landmark for age determination [Muylle et al, 1996]. The variegation of the dental star is ascribed to the absorption of food pigments by the secondary dentine in this area [Kilic et al, 1997a] but no studies have been performed to ascertain why food pigments are absorbed less by the centrally located tertiary dentine and the surrounding primary dentine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Dentinal Structure of Equine Incisors: A Light and Scanning Electron-Microscopic Study

Muylle¹,

Simoens²,

Lauwers³

2000

Cells Tissues Organs

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This paper gives an anatomical overview of the dentinal structure in equine incisor teeth with special reference to the three-dimensional organization, the number and the diameter of the dentinal tubules. The spatial arrangement of equine dentine was examined by scanning electron microscopy of occlusal surfaces and longitudinally fractured teeth and by light microscopy of both decalcified and ground sections. The dentinal tubules of the peripherally situated primary dentine were directly continuous with those of the circumpulpal secondary dentine. The tubules had numerous side branches along their entire course and ramified into terminal branches near the dentino-enamel junction. Tubules of tertiary dentine, situated in the centre of the dental star, were few in number and not continuous with those of the surrounding secondary dentine. On non-etched incisors tubular orifices were clogged by an amorphous smear layer that covered the occlusal surface. On etched occlusal surfaces the numerical tubular density was calculated in different zones. The largest number of tubules per unit area was situated in the secondary dentine forming the dark periphery of the dental star, whereas the smallest number was present in the tertiary dentine located in the pale centre of the dental star. Dentinal tubular diameters were measured at various distances from the pulp. They were widest near the pulpal wall and narrowed progressively towards the dentino-enamel junction. Tubular widths measured on etched occlusal surfaces were considerably larger than those measured on undecalcified incisors due to the removal of intratubular dentine during the etching process.

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Ageing horses by an examination of their incisor teeth: an (im)possible task?

Cited by 49 publications

References 4 publications

Replication kinetics of neurovirulent versus non-neurovirulent equine herpesvirus type 1 strains in equine nasal mucosal explants

Replication kinetics of neurovirulent versus non-neurovirulent equine herpesvirus type 1 strains in equine nasal mucosal explants

Galvayne’s groove and the presence of a hook on the upper corner incisors are poor indicators of age in horse teeth

The Dentinal Structure of Equine Incisors: A Light and Scanning Electron-Microscopic Study

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