Age-structured predator–prey model with habitat complexity: oscillations and control

A Generalized Predator–prey System With Habitat Complexity

“…31,40 For these ODE systems of habitat complexity, a positive effect has been found both theoretically and experimentally. 31,[39][40][41][42][43][44][45] Although existing studies do not show the negative impact of this approach theoretically, besides Lassau and Hochuli's experiment on ant assemblages, 47 we believe that such an impact exists because of the complexity and heterogeneity of the natural environment. Thus, theoretical proof of the existence of the negative effect of habitat complexity is another motivation of this paper.…”

“…[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][18][19][20][21][22]31,32,37,40,48 A growing body of evidence suggests that habitat complexity reduces the encounter rates and foraging efficiency of predators. 36,39,40 It is also reasonably true that the available space for interacting species is reduced with increases in the structural complexity of the habitat in which they survive. 31 The theoretical and experimental conclusions about the effects of habitat complexity are that the extinction of prey is prevented and the system is stabilized.…”

“…Hence, many published works on predator-prey systems have incorporated habitat complexity 31,[39][40][41][42][43]45 and considered dynamical behavior using two issues: (i)…”

“…31,32 In this paper, the heterogeneity of habitat is defined by habitat complexity, which refers to the morphological characteristics within a structure itself or the heterogeneity in the arrangement of objects in space and plays an important role in dynamical consequences of predatorprey systems. 31,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] Habitat complexity is found in almost all ecological systems; a case in point is that marine habitat becomes complex in the presence of oyster and coral reefs, mangroves, sea grass beds and salt marshes. 35 In lakes, habitat heterogeneity is most commonly present in the form of littoral zone vegetation or depth-gradient diversity.…”

Birth Rate Effects on an Age-Structured Predator-Prey Model with Cannibalism in the Prey

“…The modeling of predator-prey populations is an intensive research area where a wide variety of models are proposed to describe and to analyze different mechanisms such as control of populations, oscillations of populations, delay maturation time effects, and pattern formation in predator-prey models with diffusion: see, for example, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. One relevant feature in these models is the predator-prey coexistence, which is of vital importance to obtain realistic models of predatorprey interactions.…”