“…On the whole, research on the latter topic has documented robust gains in PM accuracy as children grow older, particularly when examining broader age ranges (Kerns, 2000;Kliegel & Jäger, 2007;Mackinlay, Kliegel, & Mäntyla, 2009;Passolunghi, Brandimonte, & Cornoldi, 1995;Rendell, Vella, Kliegel, & Terrett, 2009;Wang, Kliegel, Liu, & Yang, 2008). Improvements in PM during early childhood are mirrored by declines in PM during late adulthood (Henry, MacLeod, Phillips, & Crawford, 2004;Smith & Bayen, 2006;West, Jakubek, & Wymbs, 2002;Zeintl, Kliegel, & Hofer, 2007), giving rise to an ''inverted U'' developmental trajectory in regard to PM capabilities across the lifespan (Zimmermann & Meier, 2006;Zöllig et al, 2007).…”