Age and significance of mountain‐top detritus

Arctic–alpine blockfields in the northern Swedish Scandes: late Quaternary – not Neogene

“…The low temperature constraint on weathering reactions may further ensure the persistence of gibbsite rather than it being converted to kaolinite through resilication (Watanabe et al, 2010). The presence of gibbsite in alpine regoliths is well documented (Green and Eden, 1971;Reynolds, 1971;McKeague et al, 1983;Bain et al, 1994;Rea et al, 1996;Dahlgren et al, 1997;Ballantyne, 1998;Ballantyne et al, 1998;Burkins et al, 1999;Marquette et al, 2004;Paasche et al, 2006;Watanabe et al, 2010;Hopkinson and Ballantyne, 2014), and it should not be used to indicate that regoliths have necessarily originated under a warmer-than-present pre-Quaternary climate.…”

Arctic–alpine blockfields in the northern Swedish Scandes: late Quaternary – not Neogene

“…The low temperature constraint on weathering reactions may further ensure the persistence of gibbsite rather than it being converted to kaolinite through resilication (Watanabe et al, 2010). The presence of gibbsite in alpine regoliths is well documented (Green and Eden, 1971;Reynolds, 1971;McKeague et al, 1983;Bain et al, 1994;Rea et al, 1996;Dahlgren et al, 1997;Ballantyne, 1998;Ballantyne et al, 1998;Burkins et al, 1999;Marquette et al, 2004;Paasche et al, 2006;Watanabe et al, 2010;Hopkinson and Ballantyne, 2014), and it should not be used to indicate that regoliths have necessarily originated under a warmer-than-present pre-Quaternary climate.…”

After the ice: Lateglacial and Holocene landforms and landscape evolution in Scotland

“…6a), a term used here to denote all forms of bouldery plateau regolith. Studies of Scottish blockfields have shown that they developed primarily through frost weathering (Ballantyne 1998a(Ballantyne , 2010bHopkinson & Ballantyne 2014). Cosmogenic 10 Be exposure dating of erratics resting on blockfield debris, however, has demonstrated that Scottish blockfields survived burial by the last ice sheet because the ice covering plateaux was cold-based, frozen to the underlying substrate and hence moved through internal deformation alone, so that erosion by basal sliding did not occur (Fabel et al 2012).…”

The Younger Dryas in the English Lake District: reconciling geomorphological evidence with numerical model outputs

“…), which forms the eastern end of a mountain horseshoe around the valley of Mosedale at the head of Wasdale, is likely to have nourished a small plateau ice field during the Younger Dryas (McDougall ). Like High Raise, the summit of Kirk Fell is host to an extensive blockfield, the presence of which can be explained by periglacial conditions followed by preservation under cold‐based ice during the Younger Dryas (Ballantyne , ). Farther east, Bow Fell (902 m a.s.l.)…”

Arctic–alpine blockfields in the northern Swedish Scandes: late Quaternary – not Neogene

“…The low temperature constraint on weathering reactions may further ensure the persistence of gibbsite rather than it being converted to kaolinite through resilication (Watanabe et al, 2010). The presence of gibbsite in alpine regoliths is well documented (Green and Eden, 1971;Reynolds, 1971;McKeague et al, 1983;Bain et al, 1994;Rea et al, 1996;Dahlgren et al, 1997;Ballantyne, 1998;Ballantyne et al, 1998;Burkins et al, 1999;Marquette et al, 2004;Paasche et al, 2006;Watanabe et al, 2010;Hopkinson and Ballantyne, 2014), and it should not be used to indicate that regoliths have necessarily originated under a warmer-than-present pre-Quaternary climate.…”

After the ice: Lateglacial and Holocene landforms and landscape evolution in Scotland

“…6a), a term used here to denote all forms of bouldery plateau regolith. Studies of Scottish blockfields have shown that they developed primarily through frost weathering (Ballantyne 1998a(Ballantyne , 2010bHopkinson & Ballantyne 2014). Cosmogenic 10 Be exposure dating of erratics resting on blockfield debris, however, has demonstrated that Scottish blockfields survived burial by the last ice sheet because the ice covering plateaux was cold-based, frozen to the underlying substrate and hence moved through internal deformation alone, so that erosion by basal sliding did not occur (Fabel et al 2012).…”

The Younger Dryas in the English Lake District: reconciling geomorphological evidence with numerical model outputs

“…), which forms the eastern end of a mountain horseshoe around the valley of Mosedale at the head of Wasdale, is likely to have nourished a small plateau ice field during the Younger Dryas (McDougall ). Like High Raise, the summit of Kirk Fell is host to an extensive blockfield, the presence of which can be explained by periglacial conditions followed by preservation under cold‐based ice during the Younger Dryas (Ballantyne , ). Farther east, Bow Fell (902 m a.s.l.)…”

Arctic–alpine blockfields in the northern Swedish Scandes: late Quaternary – not Neogene

“…The low temperature constraint on weathering reactions may further ensure the persistence of gibbsite rather than it being converted to kaolinite through resilication (Watanabe et al, 2010). The presence of gibbsite in alpine regoliths is well documented (Green and Eden, 1971;Reynolds, 1971;McKeague et al, 1983;Bain et al, 1994;Rea et al, 1996;Dahlgren et al, 1997;Ballantyne, 1998;Ballantyne et al, 1998;Burkins et al, 1999;Marquette et al, 2004;Paasche et al, 2006;Watanabe et al, 2010;Hopkinson and Ballantyne, 2014), and it should not be used to indicate that regoliths have necessarily originated under a warmer-than-present pre-Quaternary climate.…”

After the ice: Lateglacial and Holocene landforms and landscape evolution in Scotland

“…6a), a term used here to denote all forms of bouldery plateau regolith. Studies of Scottish blockfields have shown that they developed primarily through frost weathering (Ballantyne 1998a(Ballantyne , 2010bHopkinson & Ballantyne 2014). Cosmogenic 10 Be exposure dating of erratics resting on blockfield debris, however, has demonstrated that Scottish blockfields survived burial by the last ice sheet because the ice covering plateaux was cold-based, frozen to the underlying substrate and hence moved through internal deformation alone, so that erosion by basal sliding did not occur (Fabel et al 2012).…”

The Younger Dryas in the English Lake District: reconciling geomorphological evidence with numerical model outputs

“…), which forms the eastern end of a mountain horseshoe around the valley of Mosedale at the head of Wasdale, is likely to have nourished a small plateau ice field during the Younger Dryas (McDougall ). Like High Raise, the summit of Kirk Fell is host to an extensive blockfield, the presence of which can be explained by periglacial conditions followed by preservation under cold‐based ice during the Younger Dryas (Ballantyne , ). Farther east, Bow Fell (902 m a.s.l.)…”