Agar yield from R-phycoerythrin extraction by-product of the red alga Gracilaria verrucosa

Mensi, Fethi

doi:10.1007/s10811-018-1533-z

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…In our study protein content can be compared to other high-protein foods such as soya (30%), beef (25%) or salmon (20%) 80 . In addition, a valuable phytochemical may be co-extracted with proteins such us polyphenols, pigments and enzymes having higher additional values, which may be of interest 13,14,81 . A sequential extraction of agar and other compounds was developed with fresh G. verrucosa 14 , but it is possible to use dried algae instead of fresh.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cascading biorefinery, as an alternative to single product extraction approach, aim to extract all components present in the algae biomass 11,12 . According to 13,14 , it is financially attractive to firstly extract R-PE, and then agar will be extracted from the by-product obtained. Furthermore, the agar by-product can be treated as waste to produce biofuels.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effect of Lagoon and Sea Water Depth on Gracilaria gracilis Growth and Biochemical Composition in the Northeast of Tunisia

Mensi

Nasraoui

Bouguerra³

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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This study evaluated the growth and biochemical composition of farming Gracilaria gracilis (Stackhouse) M. Steentoft, L. M. Irvine & W. F. Farnham in the Bizerte Lagoon (BL) and Bizerte Bay (BB) in the North Coast of Tunisia, using lantern nets. Effects of site and depth on alga daily growth rate (DGR) and biochemical composition were investigated. The DGR was affected by culture site (1.42 ± 0.65% day −1 and 1.19 ± 0.34% day −1 for the BL and the BB respectively). Agar yield, was higher (p < 0.05) in the BB than the BL (23.31 ± 2.64% vs. 19.19 ± 2.32%) with a higher (p < 0.05) 3,6-anhydrogalactose (3,6-AG) contents (41.37 ± 3.68% vs 23.30 ± 5.40%) and a lower (p < 0.05) sulphate degree (6 ± 2.00% vs 8.80 ± 0.86%). The proteins contents were independent of the site and depth of culture (20.74 ± 7.22% and 22.02 ± 6.34% for the BL and the BB respectively). R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) contents were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the BB (0.86 ± 0.31 mg g −1) than those obtained in the BL (0.33 ± 0.12 mg g −1). The salinity, transparency, nitrate and ammonium were monitored in both sites, and their influences were discussed. Our results suggest that G. gracilis cultured in Bizerte Bay can be used in a cascading biorefinery approach. Global seaweed production, largely derived from aquaculture (96.5 percent by volume of the wild-collected and cultivated aquatic plants combined), has changed considerably since 2005 1. This production increased from 13 million in 2005 to reach 30 million tons (live weight) in 2016. Moreover, 99% of the world's production comes from Asian countries, notably China (47.9%), Indonesia (38.7%), Philippines (4.7%), Republic of Korea (4.5%), Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1.6%), Japan (1.3%) and Malaysia (0.7%). Furthermore, trade in aquatic plants increased from USD 60 million in 1976 to more than USD 1 billion in 2016, with Indonesia, Chile and the Republic of Korea the major exporters, and China, Japan and the United States of America the leading importers. Accordingly, red seaweed production accounts for 53% of the world production 1. The most exploited red algae, expressed in a million tons year −1 , are Euchema seaweeds nei and Eucheuma spp. (10.5), Gracilaria spp. (4.1) and Porphyra spp. (1.3). In contrast, the red alga Gracilaria spp. was barely farmed at all in 1990. However, the increase in Gracilaria spp. production, by aquaculture, is mainly due to the growing demand for agar. Consequently, Gracilaria spp. aquaculture has been initiated by many countries, in different regions of the world, such as Thailand, Chile, Vietnam, Portugal, Australia, Brazil and India 2. The red alga Gracilaria gracilis, which grow in Asian coasts, was introduced into the Mediterranean Sea 3 , and established in the lagoons 4-7. Consequently, the alga was found all year round, but is the most component of the BL flora between April and June 4. In Tunisia, the quantity of seaweeds harvested, was restricted along the Bizerte Lagoon and the Tunis Lake, which is inadequate to supply the raw material requi...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Effect of Lagoon and Sea Water Depth on Gracilaria gracilis Growth and Biochemical Composition in the Northeast of Tunisia

Mensi

Nasraoui

Bouguerra³

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Some authors proposed the use of more than one fraction, such as the sequential extraction of R-phycoerythrin and agar from Gracilaria verrucosa [226], Yuan et al [254] proposed an initial extraction of the pigments for decolorization of Gracilaria lemaneiformis before agar production, allowing also to recover the removed fractions as natural antioxidants. Niu et al [261] observed that after water extraction of proteins from Gracilaria lemaneiformis and further purification of R-phycoerythrin the remaining biomass was used for agar extraction.…”

Section: Combined Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integral Utilization of Red Seaweed for Bioactive Production

2019

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The hydrocolloids carrageenan and agar are the major fraction industrially extracted and commercialized from red seaweeds. However, this type of macroalgae also contains a variety of components with nutritional, functional and biological properties. In the context of sustainability and bioeconomy, where the integral utilization of the natural resources is incentivized, the sequential separation and valorization of seaweed components with biological properties of interest for food, nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals and pharmaceuticals is proposed. In this work, a review of the available conventional and alternative greener and efficient extraction for obtaining red seaweed bioactives is presented. The potential of emerging technologies for the production of valuable oligomers from carrageenan and agar is also commented, and finally, the sequential extraction of the constituent fractions is discussed.

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“…For instance, four different exploitable fractions were sequentially obtained from Ulva fasciata, including one rich in minerals, one rich in lipids, one rich in ulvan and, finally, the fraction rich in cellulose (Trivedi et al, 2016). Even within the phycocolloids industry, other exploitable fractions, such as pigments, proteins or lipids may also be considered (Jung et al, 2013;Mensi, 2019).…”

Section: Seaweed Biorefinery: Pretreatments For An Integral Valorizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent trends on seaweed fractionation for liquid biofuels production

Río

Gomes-Dias

Rocha

et al. 2020

Bioresource Technology

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Concerns about fossil fuels depletion has led to seek for new sources of energy. The use of marine biomass (seaweed) to produce biofuels presents widely recognized advantages over terrestrial biomasses such as higher production ratio, higher photosynthetic efficiency or carbon-neutral emissions. In here, interesting seaweed sources as a whole or as a residue from seaweed processing industries for biofuel production were identified and their diverse composition and availability compiled. In addition, the pretreatments used for seaweed fractionation were thoroughly revised as this step is pivotal in a seaweed biorefinery for integral biomass valorization and for enabling biomass-to-biofuel economic feasibility processes. Traditional and emerging technologies were revised, with particular emphasis on green technologies, relating pretreatment not only with the type of biomass but also with the final target product(s) and yields. Current hurdles of marine biomass-to-biofuel processes were pinpointed and discussed and future perspectives on the development of these processes given.

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Agar yield from R-phycoerythrin extraction by-product of the red alga Gracilaria verrucosa

Cited by 20 publications

References 54 publications

Effect of Lagoon and Sea Water Depth on Gracilaria gracilis Growth and Biochemical Composition in the Northeast of Tunisia

Effect of Lagoon and Sea Water Depth on Gracilaria gracilis Growth and Biochemical Composition in the Northeast of Tunisia

Integral Utilization of Red Seaweed for Bioactive Production

Recent trends on seaweed fractionation for liquid biofuels production

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