Affinity‐Based Wearable Electrochemical Biosensors: Natural versus Biomimetic Receptors

Abstract

This review delves into the titanic research efforts carried out during the last years on affinity-based wearable electrochemical biosensors, using both natural (antibodies) and biomimetic (aptamers, peptides and molecular imprinted polymers) receptors. The rationale and application of selected representative strategies is critically discussed, ending with realistic and futuristic visions of the technical barriers, challenges and prospects in the development and adoption of these biodevices in daily routines to ensure well-being against known, unknown and unexpected threats.

Challenges and Advances of Hydrogel-Based Wearable Electrochemical Biosensors for Real-Time Monitoring of Biofluids: From Lab to Market. A Review

“…Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces between the template and functional monomers in noncovalent molecular imprinting render easier template removal while generating imprinted sites with noncovalent molecular recognition. The bonding process relies on imprinted material qualities and uses. , Wang et al introduced wearable biosensing strategies based on laser-engraved graphene (LEG), redox-active nanoreporters, and MIP-based artificial antibodies . The flexible sensor patch includes two carbachol-loaded iontophoresis electrodes, a multi-inlet microfluidic module, and an MIP-based nutrient collection.…”

Electrochemical Affinity Biosensors: Pervasive Devices with Exciting Alliances and Horizons Ahead

“…We can foresee that electrochemical affinity biosensors will follow in the footsteps of catalytic biosensors, which are a little ahead of them just because they came out earlier, and that in doing so they will redraw new routes and offer different rewards to the former. We can envision that affinity biosensors will be increasingly exploited in wearable, ingestible and implantable formats and in multiplexed, multiomics, and multimodal devices and that will provide much more information at the molecular level than catalytic biosensors, so essential to bring precision to our lives. They will transform our ability to research and manage nutrition, health, disease, and therapy in an individualized, sustainable, and universally accessible way.…”

Structure-Switching Electrochemical Aptasensor for Rapid, Reagentless, and Single-Step Nanomolar Detection of C-Reactive Protein

“…To overcome these limitations, considerable effort has been spent on the development of electrochemical sensors capable of producing results in just minutes 6 or seconds. 7,8 Such sensors can be easily miniaturized 9 and are inherently amenable for continuous monitoring of small molecules 10 and proteins, 11 making them highly attractive for development into POC technologies. 12 To our knowledge, the glucose monitor is the only commercially available bioelectronic sensor to date, yet it proves the immense value of such devices.…”

“…Though numerous nonconventional ELISA variants have been proposed, such assays still require bulky instrumentation that must be housed in centralized laboratories in addition to requiring multiple chemical reagents and antibodies, all of which add to costs and the time needed to produce results. To overcome these limitations, considerable effort has been spent on the development of electrochemical sensors capable of producing results in just minutes or seconds. , Such sensors can be easily miniaturized and are inherently amenable for continuous monitoring of small molecules and proteins, making them highly attractive for development into POC technologies . To our knowledge, the glucose monitor is the only commercially available bioelectronic sensor to date, yet it proves the immense value of such devices .…”