Aerosol composition and source apportionment in Santiago de Chile

Artaxo, Paulo; Oyola, Pedro; Martinez, Rose Marie

doi:10.1016/s0168-583x(98)01078-7

Cited by 128 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Source apportionment of PM in Santiago during the winter of 1996 45 indicates that most of the fine fraction is related to transportation activities (64%), while only a small fraction (15%) corresponds to windblown crustal matter. The coarse mass is composed mainly of resuspended crustal material.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Fine Fraction of Particulate Matter versus the Coarse Mass and Other Pollutants on Daily Mortality in Santiago, Chile

Cifuentes

Vega

Köpfer

et al. 2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

195

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Daily counts of non-accidental deaths in Santiago, Chile, from 1988 to 1996 were regressed on six air pollutantsfine particles (PM 2.5 ), coarse particles (PM 10-2.5 ), CO, SO 2 , NO 2 , and O 3 . Controlling for seasonal and meteorological conditions was done using three different modelsa generalized linear model, a generalized additive model, and a generalized additive model on previously filtered data. Single-and two-pollutant models were tested for lags of 1-5 days and the average of the previous 2-5 days.The increase in mortality associated with the mean levels of air pollution varied from 4 to 11%, depending on the pollutants and the way season of the year was considered. The results were not sensitive to the modeling approaches, but different effects for warmer and colder months were found. Fine particles were more important than coarse particles in the whole year and in winter, but not in summer. NO 2 and CO were also significantly associated with daily mortality, as was O 3 in the warmer months. No consistent effect was observed for SO 2 . Given particle composition in Santiago, these results suggest that combustion-generated pollutants, especially from motor vehicles, may be associated with increased mortality. Temperature was closely associated with mortality. High temperatures led to deaths on the same day, while low temperatures lead to deaths from 1 to 4 days later. IMPLICATIONSSignificant statistical associations were found between daily mortality in Santiago for 1988-1996 and several measures of ambient air pollution (PM 2.5 , PM 10-2.5 , CO, NO 2 , and O 3 ). The risks for PM 2.5 , NO 2 , and CO were comparable. PM 10-2.5 and O 3 were significant only during the warmer months. SO 2 did not show a consistent statistically significant risk. The results suggest that combustion sources may be responsible for increased mortality in Santiago.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Fine Fraction of Particulate Matter versus the Coarse Mass and Other Pollutants on Daily Mortality in Santiago, Chile

Cifuentes

Vega

Köpfer

et al. 2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

195

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“…The aerosol particles were collected using the Stacked Filter Units (SFU), [5][6][7] which uses an inlet providing a 50% cutoff diameter at 10 μm. The SFU collects coarse mode particles (2.5 < dp <10 μm) on a 47 mm diameter, 8-μm pore size Nuclepore filter while a 0.4 μm pore size Nuclepore filter collects the fine mode particles (dp < 2.5 μm).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, black carbon account for 17-29% of the fine particle fraction indicating that traffic emissions are responsible for a large fraction of the aerosol mass in the fine fraction, since buses and truck emissions are the largest contributors to black carbon in the urban area. 5 The lowest values were observed on sampling points 4 (site Recreio dos Bandeirantes) and 7 (site Guaratiba), both located at the Western area of the city. The Western area of city represents its expansion area and the present values could be used in the future to evaluate the influence of the present growing urbanization on the local air quality.…”

mentioning

confidence: 89%

Multi-site PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 aerosol source apportionment in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Soluri

Godoy

et al. 2007

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Foi realizada a amostragem de aerossol em dez locais distribuídos em diferentes regiões da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, de setembro/2003 a setembro/2004, em uma base semanal com amostragens de 24 horas. As frações do aerossol PM 2.5 e PM 2.5-10 foram amostradas usando um sistema com filtros em série. Foram determinadas: a massa do aerossol, carbono elementar, a concentração dos íons solúveis, assim como a concentração total de alumínio, cálcio, ferro, magnésio, potássio, sódio e titânio. A concentração mássica média anual do PM 10 variou de 18 a 38 μg m -3 , sem violação dos padrões brasileiros de qualidade do ar. Para as frações fina e grossa, entre 70 e 90% da massa medida foi identificada como sendo devido à poucas fontes, sendo que a poeira do solo explica 37-63% da massa da fração grossa (PM 2.5-10 ). Por outro lado, o carbono elementar e o aerossol secundário representam proporções elevadas (45-58%) da massa da fração fina (PM 2.5 ).Aerosol sampling was performed at ten sites distributed in different location of Rio de Janeiro city, from September/2003 to Sepetember/2004, on a weekly basis with 24 h sampling time interval. PM 2.5 and PM 2.5-10 aerosol particles were sampled using Stacked Filter Units (SFU). Aerosol mass, black carbon, water soluble ions concentration as well as total aluminum, calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, sodium and titanium concentration were determined. Mean annual PM 10 mass concentration ranged from 18 to 38 μg m -3 , without violation of the Brazilian air quality standards. For fine and coarse modes, between 70 and 90% of the measured mass was apportioned to relatively few sources, soil dust accounts for 37-63% of the coarse mode mass. On the other hand, black carbon and secondary aerosol, related to anthropogenic sources as fuel burning, represents very high proportions (45-58%) of the PM 2.5 mass.Keywords: Brazil, air pollution, aerosol, source apportionment IntroductionThe city of Rio de Janeiro is one of the twenty biggest urban agglomerations in the world, with 11 million inhabitants in the metropolitan area and the first, among the Brazilian cities, in respect to the population density, with 1700 hab/km 2 . 1,2 Among the metropolitans regions existing in the country, Rio de Janeiro has the highest degree of urbanization, 96.8%, and responds for 80% of the internal income of the State and 13% of the Country. 1,3 Factors such as local topography, irregular occupation of the space, presence of open sea and a fraction of the urban area at the Guanabara Bay influence the urban atmosphere of the city of Rio de Janeiro. These factors result in an efficient, however complex, regimen of atmospheric circulation, combining winds with the canalizations originated from its topography, and, consequently, contributing to an irregular distribution and dispersion of pollutants. The climatological evaluation of the atmospheric circulation in Rio de Janeiro shows that the highest wind direction frequency is from SouthSoutheast to Northeast sectors, along the year, with average wind velocity o...

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“…Mn and Zn are associated to industrial emissions in this area (Marcazzan et al 2003b). CO and NO are typically emitted during combustion processes while Cl, Ni and Pb may be emitted by incinerators or by oils combustion (Artaxo et al 1999;Song et al 2001;Thomaidis et al 2003;Qin and Oduyemi 2003;Graney et al 2004).…”

Section: Local Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

4-hours resolution data to study PM10 in a “hot spot” area in Europe

Vecchi

Bernardoni

Fermo

et al. 2008

Environ Monit Assess

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Nowadays, high-time resolved aerosol studies are mandatory to better understand atmospheric processes, such as formation, removal, transport, deposition or chemical reactions. This work focuses on PM10 physical and chemical characterisation with high-time resolution: elements (from Na to Pb), ions and OC/EC fractions concentration were determined during two weeks Further measurements aimed at hourly elemental characterisation of fine and coarse fractions and at the determination of particles number concentration in the 0.25-32 μm size range in 31 bins. The chemical mass closure was carried out in both seasons, enhancing intra-day differences in PM10 composition. In Milan, the highest contribution came from organic matter (34% and 33% in summer and winter, respectively); other important contributors were secondary inorganic compounds (16% and 24% in summer and winter, respectively) and, in summer, crustal matter (14%). Temporal trends showed strong variations in PM10 composition during contiguous time-slots and diurnal variations in different components contribution were identified. Moreover, peculiar phenomena, which would have hardly been detected with 24-hours samplings, were evidenced. Particles removal due to precipitations, aerosol local production and long range transport were studied in detail.

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Aerosol composition and source apportionment in Santiago de Chile

Cited by 128 publications

References 9 publications

Effect of the Fine Fraction of Particulate Matter versus the Coarse Mass and Other Pollutants on Daily Mortality in Santiago, Chile

Effect of the Fine Fraction of Particulate Matter versus the Coarse Mass and Other Pollutants on Daily Mortality in Santiago, Chile

Multi-site PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 aerosol source apportionment in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

4-hours resolution data to study PM10 in a “hot spot” area in Europe

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