Aerosol climate feedback due to decadal increases in Southern Hemisphere wind speeds

Korhonen, Hannele; Carslaw, K. S.; Forster, Piers M.; Mikkonen, Santtu; Gordon, Neil D.; Kokkola, Harri

doi:10.1029/2009gl041320

Cited by 78 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This causes a sizable increase in sea-salt concentration in these areas (75% and 51% increases in sea-salt burdens poleward 60 • N and 60 • S, respectively) in response to a doubling of CO 2 . Given that sea salt particles comprise a significant fraction of CCN concentrations in these regions (e.g., Spracklen et al, 2005), such large changes are likely to cause a large forcing through changes in cloud drop number (Korhonen et al, 2010).…”

Section: Sea Salt Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus the first major challenge is to demonstrate the explanatory power of complex chemical schemes against observations and the second challenge is to develop accurate simpler schemes that are fast enough to run on centennial timescales. Many global models now include microphysical schemes sufficient to simulate the response of CCN to changes in DMS and sea spray (e.g., Korhonen et al, 2008Korhonen et al, , 2010Kloster et al, 2008;Woodhouse et al, 2010), and these models are suitable for inclusion in Earth system models. A major challenge is to evaluate these aerosol models against observations of DMS and CCN on seasonal and interannual timescales in different regions.…”

Section: Summary and Status Of Marine Aerosol In Earth System Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Korhonen et al (2010) used analysed winds and a global aerosol model to show that CCN concentrations are likely to have increased by an average of 22% between 50 and 65 • S since the 1980s due to increased sea spray emissions. This change in CCN caused a summertime radiative forcing at these latitudes of −0.7 W m −2 over two decades, which is comparable to the forcing due to increased CO 2 over the same period.…”

Section: Sea Salt Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of natural aerosol interactions and feedbacks within the Earth system

et al. 2010

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Abstract.The natural environment is a major source of atmospheric aerosols, including dust, secondary organic material from terrestrial biogenic emissions, carbonaceous particles from wildfires, and sulphate from marine phytoplankton dimethyl sulphide emissions. These aerosols also have a significant effect on many components of the Earth system such as the atmospheric radiative balance and photosynthetically available radiation entering the biosphere, the supply of nutrients to the ocean, and the albedo of snow and ice. The physical and biological systems that produce these aerosols can be highly susceptible to modification due to climate change so there is the potential for important climate feedbacks. We review the impact of these natural systems on atmospheric aerosol based on observations and models, including the potential for long term changes in emissions and the feedbacks on climate. The number of drivers of change is very large and the various systems are strongly coupled. There have therefore been very few studies that integrate the various effects to estimate climate feedback factors. Nevertheless, available observations and model studies suggest that the regional radiative perturbations are potentially several Watts per square metre due to changes in these natural aerosol emissions in a future climate. Taking into account only the direct radiative effect of changes in the atmospheric burden of natural aerosols, and neglecting potentially large effects on other parts of the Earth system, a global mean radiative perturbation approaching 1 W m −2 is possible by the end of the century. The level of scientific understanding of the climate drivers, interactions and impacts is very low.

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Section: Sea Salt Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Summary and Status Of Marine Aerosol In Earth System Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sea Salt Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of natural aerosol interactions and feedbacks within the Earth system

et al. 2010

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“…Dentener et al, 1996;Hoyle et al, 2011). Second of all, natural aerosol particles are part of various climate feedback loops, as their future concentration levels are expected to change with changing climate conditions (Arneth et al, 2010;Carslaw et al, 2010;Korhonen et al, 2010;Quinn and Bates, 2011;Kulmala et al, 2004Kulmala et al, , 2013.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature influence on the natural aerosol budget over boreal forests

et al. 2014

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Abstract. We investigated the natural aerosol evolution of biogenic monoterpene emissions over the northern boreal forest area as a function of temperature using long-term field measurements of aerosol size distributions and back trajectories at two SMEAR (Station for Measuring EcosystemAtmosphere Relations) stations, SMEAR I and SMEAR II, in Finland. Similar to earlier studies, we found that new particles were formed via nucleation when originally clean air from the ocean entered the land, after which these particles continuously grew to larger sizes during the air mass transport. Both the travelling hour over land and temperature influenced the evolution of the particle number size distribution and aerosol mass yield from biogenic emissions. Average concentrations of nucleation mode particles were higher at lower temperatures, whereas the opposite was true for accumulation mode particles. Thus, more cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) may be formed at higher temperatures. The overall apparent aerosol yield, derived from the aerosol masses against accumulated monoterpene emissions, ranges from 13 to 37 % with a minor, yet complicating, temperature dependence.

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“…A strengthening and poleward shift of the westerly windsas has been driven by stratospheric ozone depletion 15 -may also act to cool the region south of the ACC via enhanced Ekman advection of cold surface waters northward [15][16][17] . Moreover, strengthened surface winds may increase low cloud reflectivity via enhanced emissions of sea spray, and it has been proposed that this effect -together with the direct radiative forcing of stratospheric ozone depletion -has more than offset greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing south of the ACC since the 1980s 18 . Additionally, it has been suggested that the extensive SO sea-ice cover itself may slow the rate of warming by shielding the sea surface from radiative forcing 19 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Southern Ocean warming delayed by circumpolar upwelling and equatorward transport

et al. 2016

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The Southern Ocean has shown little warming south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) over recent decades, and Antarctic sea-ice cover has been modestly expanding 1 . Along the northern flank of the ACC, however, the upper ocean has been warming rapidly 2, 3 . Using observations and general circulation model simulations, we show that these patterns -of delayed warming south of the ACC and enhanced warming to the north -are fundamentally shaped by the Southern Ocean's meridional overturning circulation: wind-driven upwelling of unmodified water from depth damps warming around Antarctica; greenhouse gas induced heat uptake is largely balanced by anomalous northward heat transport; and heat is preferentially stored along the northern flank of the ACC, where surface waters are subducted.Further, we find that these processes are primarily due to passive advection of the anomalous warming signal by climatological ocean currents; changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulations play a secondary role. These findings suggest that the Southern Ocean responds to greenhouse gas forcing on the timescale over which the deep ocean waters that are upwelled 1

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Aerosol climate feedback due to decadal increases in Southern Hemisphere wind speeds

Cited by 78 publications

References 26 publications

A review of natural aerosol interactions and feedbacks within the Earth system

A review of natural aerosol interactions and feedbacks within the Earth system

Temperature influence on the natural aerosol budget over boreal forests

Southern Ocean warming delayed by circumpolar upwelling and equatorward transport

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