Aerobes isolated in fecal microflora of infants in the intensive care nursery: Relationship to human milk use and systemic sepsis

Ell-Mohandes, Ayman E.; Keiser, John; Johnson, Lauren A.; Refat, Mamdouh; Jackson, Barbara

doi:10.1016/0196-6553(93)90414-y

Cited by 32 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In the same study, antibiotic use in the first month of life was associated with reduced number of anaerobes such as bifidobacteria and Bacteroides 55. Similarly, other studies have also found reduced number of anaerobes and higher number of enterococci, Enterobactericeae , and coagulase-negative staphylococci in infants from the neonatal intensive care units where antibiotics are frequently used 69, 70. Antibiotic use in early life may lead to alterations in gut microbiota and, ultimately, abnormal development of the immune system 71.…”

Section: Gut Microbiota Developmentmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…These results remained appreciably unchanged after four110 and seven111 years of follow-up. Interestingly, whereas the frequency of atopic sensitization at the age of 7 years was similar between the placebo and probiotic group, allergic rhinitis and asthma tended to be more common in the probiotic group,111 Administration of lactobacilli GG to atopic children has been associated with increased production of cytokines produced by Tregs (IL-10 and TGF-β),112, 113 and reduced severity of atopic dermatitis in as small number of infants 69. Another small clinical trial showed reduced severity of atopic dermatitis in children (aged 6–18 months) with moderate to severe disease by administration of lactobacilli fermentum ,114 which may be mediated by increased secretion of IFN-γ by Th1 cells 115.…”

Section: Probiotics Atopic Diseases and Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gut microbiota, probiotics, and vitamin D: Interrelated exposures influencing allergy, asthma, and obesity?

Litonjua

Gold

et al. 2011

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

193

116

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Current evidence supports a role for gut colonization in promoting and maintaining a balanced immune response in early life. An altered or less diverse gut microbiota composition has been associated with atopic diseases and/or obesity. Moreover, certain gut microbial strain or strains have been shown to inhibit or attenuate immune responses associated with chronic inflammation in experimental models. However, there has been no fully adequate longitudinal study of the relation between the neonatal gut microbiota and the development of allergic diseases (e.g., atopic asthma) and obesity. The emergence of promising experimental studies has led to several clinical trials of probiotics (live bacteria given orally that allow for intestinal colonization) in humans. Probiotic trials thus far have failed to show a consistent preventive or therapeutic effect on asthma or obesity. Previous trials of probiotics have been limited by small sample size, short duration of follow-up, or lack state-of-the art analyses of the gut microbiota. Finally, there is emerging evidence that the vitamin D pathway may be important in gut homeostasis and in the signaling between the microbiota and the host. Given the complexity of the gut micriobiota, additional research is needed before we can confidently establish whether its manipulation in early life can prevent or treat asthma and/or obesity.

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Section: Gut Microbiota Developmentmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Probiotics Atopic Diseases and Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut microbiota, probiotics, and vitamin D: Interrelated exposures influencing allergy, asthma, and obesity?

Litonjua

Gold

et al. 2011

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

193

116

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is thus conceivable that septic isolates of S. aureus may in some cases derive from the intestinal microflora, rather than from the skin as has previously been assumed. In accordance, infants struck by S. epidermidis septicaemia often have S. epidermidis in their stools (48).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Time Persistence of Superantigen-Producing Staphylococcus aureus Strains in the Intestinal Microflora of Healthy Infants

et al. 2000

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Staphylococcus aureus has been isolated at an increasing rate from infants' stools during the last decades, but it is not known whether this species can colonize and persist in the intestinal microflora. To investigate this, 49 Swedish infants were followed prospectively from birth until 12 months of age. S. aureus was identified in a rectal swab obtained 3 d after delivery and in quantitative cultures of fecal samples collected at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks and at 6 and 12 months of age. A random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method was developed to distinguish individual S. aureus strains from one another and the strains were tested for production of enterotoxins A-D and TSST-1. By 3 days of age, 16% of infants had S. aureus in their intestines, which increased to 73% by 2-6 months, whereafter it decreased slightly to 53%. At the same time S. aureus population counts in colonized infants declined from an average 10 6.8 CFU/g feces during the first months of life to 10 4.0 CFU/g feces by 12 months. Colonized infants usually harbored one or two S. aureus strains in their microflora for long periods of time. Few strains were transient passengers and the median time of persistence of S. aureus strains in the microflora was several months. Of the 75 S. aureus strains identified, 43% produced one or more toxins: 13% SEA, 7% SEB, 23% SEC, 4% SED, and 11% TSST-1. Altogether, 47% of the investigated infants were colonized by a toxin-producing S. aureus during their first year of life. Despite this they were apparently healthy and did not have more gastrointestinal problems than noncolonized infants. This report is the first to show that S. aureus may be a resident member of the normal intestinal microflora in infancy. Abbreviations CFU, colony-forming units TSST-1, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 RAPD, random amplified polymorphic DNA Bacteria start to colonize the skin, respiratory tract, and intestines as soon as the newborn has left the sterile womb. With time, a complex ecosystem develops known as the normal microflora (1). Staphylococcus aureus colonizes the anterior nares of more than 50% of young infants (2-5). During the last decades, S. aureus has also been isolated at an increasing rate from fecal samples of infants in Western societies. Thus, only 1 out of 13 infants had S. aureus in their stools in a study performed in England in the 1980s (6), but 30% in a Swedish study published 1985 (7) and 53% in Sweden in the late 1990s (8). It is not known whether staphylococci persist and replicate in the intestines or if S. aureus in the stools represent bacteria transiently passing the intestines after having been swallowed. If infants are colonized by S. aureus in their intestines, it may have medical consequences. S. aureus strains can produce a range of different exotoxins, among them the enterotoxins, which cause vomiting with or without diarrhea and are responsible for staphylococcal food poisoning (9). The enterotoxins, together with toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, also function as "superantigens." By binding to both...

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“…58 Correspondingly, increased hospital stays have been associated with delays in colonization and development of the infant intestinal microbiota, which could result from exposure to different microbes or antibiotic treatment. 59,60 For example, increased colonization by C difficile was observed in both preterm infants and infants hospitalized after birth, which could be attributed to a high carriage rate and the persistence of C difficile spores in the environment. 29 Furthermore, the intestinal microbiota of preterm infants with a gestational age of ,33 weeks exhibited significantly reduced bacterial diversity.…”

Section: Hospitalization and Gestational Agementioning

confidence: 96%

The Human Microbiome and Its Potential Importance to Pediatrics

2012

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The human body is home to more than 1 trillion microbes, with the gastrointestinal tract alone harboring a diverse array of commensal microbes that are believed to contribute to host nutrition, developmental regulation of intestinal angiogenesis, protection from pathogens, and development of the immune response. Recent advances in genome sequencing technologies and metagenomic analysis are providing a broader understanding of these resident microbes and highlighting differences between healthy and disease states. The aim of this review is to provide a detailed summary of current pediatric microbiome studies in the literature, in addition to highlighting recent findings and advancements in studies of the adult microbiome. This review also seeks to elucidate the development of, and factors that could lead to changes in, the composition and function of the human microbiome.

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Aerobes isolated in fecal microflora of infants in the intensive care nursery: Relationship to human milk use and systemic sepsis

Cited by 32 publications

References 9 publications

Gut microbiota, probiotics, and vitamin D: Interrelated exposures influencing allergy, asthma, and obesity?

Gut microbiota, probiotics, and vitamin D: Interrelated exposures influencing allergy, asthma, and obesity?

Long-Time Persistence of Superantigen-Producing Staphylococcus aureus Strains in the Intestinal Microflora of Healthy Infants

The Human Microbiome and Its Potential Importance to Pediatrics

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