Advances in the Therapeutic Effects of Apoptotic Bodies on Systemic Diseases

Abstract

Apoptosis plays an important role in development and in the maintenance of homeostasis. Apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs) are specifically generated from apoptotic cells and can contain a large variety of biological molecules, which are of great significance in intercellular communications and the regulation of phagocytes. Emerging evidence in recent years has shown that ApoBDs are essential for maintaining homeostasis, including systemic bone density and immune regulation as well as tissue regeneration. Moreover, studies have revealed the therapeutic effects of ApoBDs on systemic diseases, including cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, hepatic fibrosis, and wound healing, which can be used to treat potential targets. This review summarizes current research on the generation, application, and reconstruction of ApoBDs regarding their functions in cellular regulation and on systemic diseases, providing strong evidence and therapeutic strategies for further insights into related diseases.

Apoptotic extracellular vesicles restore homeostasis of the articular microenvironment for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

“…Current research on apoEVs in biomedical applications mostly focuses on apoptotic microvesicles [ 10 , 15 ]. However, apoptotic bodies have long been demonstrated to play an essential role in apoptosis induced immunosuppression [ 32 , 33 ]. Therefore, apoptotic bodies were not excluded from the apoEVs.…”

Extracellular Vesicles for Dental Pulp and Periodontal Regeneration

“…ApoBDs, first recognized by Kerr et al in 1972, represent large ApoVs ranging from 1 to 5 μm in diameter [ 23 ]. In the last decade, research has demonstrated their role in intercellular communication and their therapeutic effects on diseases [ 24 , 25 ]. Furthermore, ApoMVs, at 0.1–1 μm in size, were found to be physiologically different from traditional ApoBDs, possessing superior membrane integrity for molecular exchange [ 26 , 27 ].…”

Extracellular vesicles and melanoma: New perspectives on tumor microenvironment and metastasis

“…Apoptotic Bodies (1–5 μm) are released by cells after a triggered collapse that results in nuclear fragmentation, increased membrane permeability and externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS). Apoptosis plays a key role in development and homeostasis ( Li et al, 2022a ). During this highly orchestrated process of cell disintegration, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids fragments are distributed in vesicles ( Crescitelli et al, 2013 ).…”