Advances in space radiation physics and transport at NASA

Norbury, John W.; Slaba, Tony C.; Aghara, Sukesh K.; Badavi, Mohammad; Blattnig, Steve R.; Clowdsley, M. S.; Heilbronn, L.; Lee, Kerry; Maung, Khin Maung; Mertens, Christopher J.; Miller, Jack; Norman, Ryan B.; Sandridge, Chris A.; Singleterry, Robert C.; Sobolevsky, Nikolai; Spangler, Jan L.; Townsend, Lawrence W.; Werneth, Charles M.; Whitman, K.; Wilson, John W.; Xu, Sharon Xiaojing; Zeitlin, C.

doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2019.07.003

Cited by 49 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 131 publications

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“…Light ion model results show moderate to large discrepancies [19][20][21] over the MSL-RAD energy range, 5 with model errors mainly attributed to inaccurate light ion nuclear physics models. (7) Calculations with the HZETRN transport code underpredict dose measurements from the International Space Station [22,23], at high latitudes where GCRs contribute most. The cause of the discrepancy has yet to be fully clarified, but improvements to the underlying cross section models will help remove some measure of uncertainty.…”

Section: Importance Of Light Ion Fragmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They therefore require full 3-dimensional transport methods, which need double differential cross sections [12,13] as input. This is why double differential 6 cross sections are highlighted in the present work, with emphasis on isotopic production cross sections, d 2 σ/dEdΩ, where E is the total energy of a fragment given 7 by E ≡ T + m, where T is the kinetic energy and m is the rest mass. 8 The fragment solid angle is Ω.…”

Section: Importance Of Double Differential Cross Sectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therapy facilities employing H and 12 C in the energy range of a few hundred MeV/n have been in use for many years around the world, whereas ions such as 4 He and 16 O are considered important extensions of the currently offered treatments [6]. Consequently, the needs of space radiation protection can be seen as a superset encompassing the needs of therapy applications in most cases, due to the significantly larger range of projectile, energy, and target combinations of interest for the space radiation community [7].…”

Section: Introduction and Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are Further Cross Section Measurements Necessary for Space Radiation Protection or Ion Therapy Applications? Helium Projectiles

et al. 2020

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The helium (4He) component of the primary particles in the galactic cosmic ray spectrum makes significant contributions to the total astronaut radiation exposure. 4He ions are also desirable for direct applications in ion therapy. They contribute smaller projectile fragmentation than carbon (12C) ions and smaller lateral beam spreading than protons. Space radiation protection and ion therapy applications need reliable nuclear reaction models and transport codes for energetic particles in matter. Neutrons and light ions (1H, 2H, 3H, 3He, and 4He) are the most important secondary particles produced in space radiation and ion therapy nuclear reactions; these particles penetrate deeply and make large contributions to dose equivalent. Since neutrons and light ions may scatter at large angles, double differential cross sections are required by transport codes that propagate radiation fields through radiation shielding and human tissue. This work will review the importance of 4He projectiles to space radiation and ion therapy, and outline the present status of neutron and light ion production cross section measurements and modeling, with recommendations for future needs.

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Section: Importance Of Light Ion Fragmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Importance Of Double Differential Cross Sectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction and Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are Further Cross Section Measurements Necessary for Space Radiation Protection or Ion Therapy Applications? Helium Projectiles

et al. 2020

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“…Exposure of astronauts to GCR causes clustered DNA damages that are difficult to repair, which are strongly lethal, mutagenic and carcinogenic [ 58 , 59 , 60 ]. Heavy ions are high in ionization density (linear energy transfer, LET), although their abundance is low [ 61 , 62 , 63 ]. In addition to the abovementioned radiation, secondary particles produced by these primary particles through the shielding materials form a secondary radiation environment, including photons, electrons, protons and neutrons, which can also lead to biological effects such as DNA damage, gene mutation, cell transformation, and other biological effects [ 64 ].…”

Section: Space Radiation and The Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

MicroRNAs Responding to Space Radiation

Yan

Zhang

Zhou

et al. 2020

IJMS

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High-energy and high-atom-number (HZE) space radiation poses an inevitable potential threat to astronauts on deep space exploration missions. Compared with low-LET radiation, high-energy and high-LET radiation in space is more efficient in inducing clustered DNA damage with more serious biological consequences, such as carcinogenesis, central nervous system injury and degenerative disease. Space radiation also causes epigenetic changes in addition to inducing damage at the DNA level. Considering the important roles of microRNAs in the regulation of biological responses of radiation, we systematically reviewed both expression profiling and functional studies relating to microRNAs responding to space radiation as well as to space compound environment. Finally, the directions for improvement of the research related to microRNAs responding to space radiation are proposed. A better understanding of the functions and underlying mechanisms of the microRNAs responding to space radiation is of significance to both space radiation risk assessment and therapy development for lesions caused by space radiation.

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“…Traditionally, the onset and end of an SPE are defined as the first and last time points of a period with continually elevated proton fluxes higher than a threshold (Feynman et al, 1990;Jiggens et al, 2012). However, because of the modulation of solar cycles, the background fluxes change significantly from the solar minimum to the solar maximum ( Figure 6, left panel), and the difference of intravehicular dose rates can be as large as two to three times ( Figure 3 in Norbury et al, 2019). If a fixed dose rate were chosen as the threshold to determine the onset and end of an event, the first and last time points of a same event (such as the one in Figure 6 [right panel]) would be different if it occurred at different times in solar cycles.…”

Section: Detecting the Onset And End Of An Eventmentioning

confidence: 99%