Advances in quantum cryptography

Pirandola, Stefano; Andersen, Ulrik L.; Banchi, Leonardo; Berta, Mario; Bunandar, Darius; Colbeck, Roger; Englund, Dirk; Gehring, Tobias; Lupo, Cosmo; Ottaviani, Carlo; Pereira, Jason L.; Razavi, Mohsen; Shaari, Jesni Shamsul; Tomamichel, Marco; Usenko, Vladyslav C.; Vallone, Giuseppe; Villoresi, Paolo; Wallden, Petros

doi:10.1364/aop.361502

Cited by 1,114 publications

(707 citation statements)

References 934 publications

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“…Before discussing the semi-quantum model of cryptography, we review here some basic facts about quantum key distribution. We only review some important facts needed to put into context the work done in the semi-quantum model -for a more complete survey of standard (i.e., "fully-quantum") quantum cryptographic protocols and technology, the reader is referred to [8,9,10,11]. This survey, of course, will focus on semi-quantum communication and cryptography.…”

Section: Quantum Key Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Introduced originally in 2007 by M. Boyer, D. Kenigsberg, and T. Mor in [7], this field has seen growing interest over the years with new protocols, new cryptographic primitives, and new security proofs leading to a growing research area. Furthermore, as our society begins to move towards practical implementations of quantum communication networks [8,9,10,11], the semi-quantum model may hold unique benefits allowing for potentially cheaper devices (as less "quantum capable hardware" may be required) or devices that are more robust to hardware faults (as one may switch to a semi-quantum mode of operation if some devices fail). Finally, the theoretical and practical innovations necessary to study the semi-quantum model, where users are highly restricted in their abilities, may lead to great innovations in the broader field of quantum information science.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Semi-quantum cryptography

Iqbal

Krawec

2020

Quantum Inf Process

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols allow two parties to establish a shared secret key, secure against an all powerful adversary. This is a task impossible to achieve through classical communication only; indeed, to distribute a secret key through classical means requires one to assume computationally bounded adversaries. If, however, both parties are "quantum capable" then security may be attained assuming only that the adversary must obey the laws of physics. But "how quantum" must a protocol actually be to gain this advantage over classical communication? This is one of the questions semi-quantum cryptography seeks to answer.Semi-quantum communication, a model introduced in 2007 by M. Boyer, D. Kenigsberg, and T. Mor (PRL 99 140501), involves the use of fully-quantum users and semiquantum, or "classical" users. These classical users are only allowed to interact with the quantum channel in a limited, classical manner. Originally introduced to study the key-distribution problem, semi-quantum research has since expanded, and continues to grow, with new protocols, security proof methods, experimental implementations, and new cryptographic applications beyond key distribution. Research in the field of semi-quantum cryptography requires new insights into working with restricted protocols and, so, the tools and techniques derived in this field can translate to results in broader quantum information science. Furthermore, other questions such as the connection between quantum and classical processing, including how classical information processing can be used to counteract a quantum deficiency in a protocol, can shed light on important theoretical questions.This work surveys the history and current state-of-the-art in semi-quantum research. We discuss the model and several protocols offering the reader insight into how protocols are constructed in this realm. We discuss security proof methods and how classical post-processing can be used to counteract users' inability to perform certain quantum operations. Moving beyond key distribution, we survey current work in other * semi-quantum cryptographic protocols and current trends. We also survey recent work done in attempting to construct practical semi-quantum systems including recent experimental results in this field. Finally, as this is still a growing field, we highlight, throughout this survey, several open problems that we feel are important to investigate in the hopes that this will spur even more research in this topic.

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Section: Quantum Key Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semi-quantum cryptography

Iqbal

Krawec

2020

Quantum Inf Process

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“…The quantum Internet allows legal parties to perform networking based on the fundamentals of quantum mechanics [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The connections in the quantum Internet are formulated by a set of quantum repeaters and the legal parties have access to large-scale quantum devices [13][14][15][16][17] such as quantum computers [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theory of Noise-Scaled Stability Bounds and Entanglement Rate Maximization in the Quantum Internet

Gyöngyösi

Imre

2020

Sci Rep

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Crucial problems of the quantum Internet are the derivation of stability properties of quantum repeaters and theory of entanglement rate maximization in an entangled network structure. The stability property of a quantum repeater entails that all incoming density matrices can be swapped with a target density matrix. The strong stability of a quantum repeater implies stable entanglement swapping with the boundness of stored density matrices in the quantum memory and the boundness of delays. Here, a theoretical framework of noise-scaled stability analysis and entanglement rate maximization is conceived for the quantum Internet. We define the term of entanglement swapping set that models the status of quantum memory of a quantum repeater with the stored density matrices. We determine the optimal entanglement swapping method that maximizes the entanglement rate of the quantum repeaters at the different entanglement swapping sets as function of the noise of the local memory and local operations. We prove the stability properties for non-complete entanglement swapping sets, complete entanglement swapping sets and perfect entanglement swapping sets. We prove the entanglement rates for the different entanglement swapping sets and noise levels. The results can be applied to the experimental quantum Internet. IntroductionThe quantum Internet allows legal parties to perform networking based on the fundamentals of quantum mechanics [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The connections in the quantum Internet are formulated by a set of quantum repeaters and the legal parties have access to large-scale quantum devices [13][14][15][16][17] such as quantum computers [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Quantum repeaters are physical devices with quantum memory and internal procedures [3][4][5][6]9,[14][15][16][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57]]. An aim of the quantum repeaters is to generate the entangled network structure of the quantum Internet via entanglement distribution [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][58][59][60][61][62]. The entangled network structure can then serve as the core network of a global-scale quantum communication network with unlimited distances (due to the attributes of the entanglement distribution procedure). Quantum repeaters share entangled states over shorter distances; the distance can be extended by the entanglement swapping operation in the quantum repeaters [3,5,6,10,[14][15][16]. The swapping operation takes an incoming density matrix and an outgoing density matrix; both

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“…A quantum computer can however break both algorithms, leaving the task of distributing keys to either post-quantum cryptography [8] or to alternative methods such as quantum cryptography. Within the latter, quantum key distribution (QKD) addresses this challenge by relying on the laws of quantum physics to provide the required information-theoretic security [9]. During the last 30 years, multiple demonstrations of free-space, underwater and fibre-based QKD systems have shown the feasibility of such a technology [10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boosting the secret key rate in a shared quantum and classical fibre communication system

et al. 2019

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During the last 20 years, the advance of communication technologies has generated multiple exciting applications. However, classical cryptography, commonly adopted to secure current communication systems, can be jeopardized by the advent of quantum computers. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a promising technology aiming to solve such a security problem. Unfortunately, current implementations of QKD systems show relatively low key rates, demand low channel noise and use ad hoc devices. In this work, we picture how to overcome the rate limitation by using a 37-core fibre to generate 2.86 Mbit s −1 per core that can be space multiplexed into the highest secret key rate of 105.7 Mbit s −1 to date. We also demonstrate, with off-the-shelf equipment, the robustness of the system by co-propagating a classical signal at 370 Gbit s −1 , paving the way for a shared quantum and classical communication network. * dabac@fotonik.dtu.dk, bdali@fotonik.dtu.dk These authors contributed equally to this work 1 arXiv:1911.05360v1 [quant-ph] 13 Nov 2019 of integration with the bright signals used in classical communications [17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. In this work, we show how to overcome the low rate and compatibility limitations by exploiting a 37-core multicore fibre (MCF) as a technology for quantum communications [24]. This technology allows for efficient key generation, enabling the highest secret key rate presented to date. Moreover, we co-propagate in all the 37 cores simultaneously a high-speed classical signal, showing that the quantum communication is only weakly perturbed by it, paving the way for a full-fleshed implementation in current communication infrastructures.

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Advances in quantum cryptography

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Cited by 1,114 publications

References 934 publications

Semi-quantum cryptography

Semi-quantum cryptography

Theory of Noise-Scaled Stability Bounds and Entanglement Rate Maximization in the Quantum Internet

Boosting the secret key rate in a shared quantum and classical fibre communication system

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