Advances in Oral Drug Delivery for Regional Targeting in the Gastrointestinal Tract - Influence of Physiological, Pathophysiological and Pharmaceutical Factors

Abstract

The oral route is by far the most common route of drug administration in the gastrointestinal tract and can be used for both systemic drug delivery and for treating local gastrointestinal diseases. It is the most preferred route by patients, due to its advantages, such as ease of use, non-invasiveness, and convenience for selfadministration. Formulations can also be designed to enhance drug delivery to specific regions in the upper or lower gastrointestinal tract. Despite the clear advantages offered by the oral route, drug delivery can be challenging as the human gastrointestinal tract is complex and displays a number of physiological barriers that affect drug delivery. Among these challenges are poor drug stability, poor drug solubility, and low drug permeability across the mucosal barriers. Attempts to overcome these issues have focused on improved understanding of the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract in both healthy and diseased states. Innovative pharmaceutical approaches have also been explored to improve regional drug targeting in the gastrointestinal tract, including nanoparticulate formulations. This review will discuss the physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmaceutical considerations influencing drug delivery for the oral route of administration, as well as the conventional and novel drug delivery approaches. The translational challenges and development aspects of novel formulations will also be addressed.

Development of Ac2-26 Mesoporous Microparticle System as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

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Development of Ac2-26 Mesoporous Microparticle System as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

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Computational Drug Designing, Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-bacterial Activity Evaluation of Some Mixed Ligand–Metal Complexes of 2-hydroxybenzaldehydethiosemicarbazone as Primary Ligand

“…TPSA was also in the range i.e. within 140 Å 2 and the number of hydrogen bond donor and acceptor atoms were also within the suggested range by Lipinski (Table 1 ) 9 [ 63 ]. Chemical compounds known as Pan Assay Interference Compounds (PAINS) cause false positives in high throughput screening (HTS).…”

A Phase I, Randomized, Multi‐Dose Study to Evaluate the Enteric Selectivity and Safety of JAK Inhibitor, Lorpucitinib, in Healthy Participants

“…Several studies suggest that enteric-selective drugs can be adsorbed to the GI wall and/or mucus layers, but then exhibit inefficient uptake by target tissues. 26 Although additional analyses will be needed to track lorpucitinib disposition at the cellular level, 24 we found that lorpucitinib at the highest dose (75 mg q12h) reduced levels of normalized pSTAT-3 in the…”

Development of Ac2-26 Mesoporous Microparticle System as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

“……”

Computational Drug Designing, Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-bacterial Activity Evaluation of Some Mixed Ligand–Metal Complexes of 2-hydroxybenzaldehydethiosemicarbazone as Primary Ligand

“…TPSA was also in the range i.e. within 140 Å 2 and the number of hydrogen bond donor and acceptor atoms were also within the suggested range by Lipinski (Table 1 ) 9 [ 63 ]. Chemical compounds known as Pan Assay Interference Compounds (PAINS) cause false positives in high throughput screening (HTS).…”

A Phase I, Randomized, Multi‐Dose Study to Evaluate the Enteric Selectivity and Safety of JAK Inhibitor, Lorpucitinib, in Healthy Participants

“…Several studies suggest that enteric-selective drugs can be adsorbed to the GI wall and/or mucus layers, but then exhibit inefficient uptake by target tissues. 26 Although additional analyses will be needed to track lorpucitinib disposition at the cellular level, 24 we found that lorpucitinib at the highest dose (75 mg q12h) reduced levels of normalized pSTAT-3 in the…”

Development of Ac2-26 Mesoporous Microparticle System as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

“……”

Computational Drug Designing, Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-bacterial Activity Evaluation of Some Mixed Ligand–Metal Complexes of 2-hydroxybenzaldehydethiosemicarbazone as Primary Ligand

“…TPSA was also in the range i.e. within 140 Å 2 and the number of hydrogen bond donor and acceptor atoms were also within the suggested range by Lipinski (Table 1 ) 9 [ 63 ]. Chemical compounds known as Pan Assay Interference Compounds (PAINS) cause false positives in high throughput screening (HTS).…”

A Phase I, Randomized, Multi‐Dose Study to Evaluate the Enteric Selectivity and Safety of JAK Inhibitor, Lorpucitinib, in Healthy Participants

“…Several studies suggest that enteric-selective drugs can be adsorbed to the GI wall and/or mucus layers, but then exhibit inefficient uptake by target tissues. 26 Although additional analyses will be needed to track lorpucitinib disposition at the cellular level, 24 we found that lorpucitinib at the highest dose (75 mg q12h) reduced levels of normalized pSTAT-3 in the…”