Advances in Nod-like receptors (NLR) biology

Barbé, François; Douglas, Todd; Saleh, Maya

doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.07.001

Cited by 84 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 208 publications

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“…About 20 NLRs have been reported in vertebrates but lineage-specific expansion to few hundred members in plants and some animal groups emphasizes their involvement in the innate immunity [116,117]. The self-assembly of NLRs in heteromeric complexes contributes to the specific recognition of PAMPs via C-terminal LRRs whereas the recruitment of downstream molecules is mediated by homophilic interactions of their variable N-terminal effector domain: usually a DEATH, a pyrin, a caspase recruitment (CARD) or a baculovirus inhibitor of apoptosis protein repeat (BIR) domain classify NLRs within the NOD, NALP or NAIP subfamilies.…”

Section: Nod-like Receptors (Nlrs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

An updated molecular basis for mussel immunity

Gerdol

Venier

2015

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

134

163

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Non-self recognition with the consequent tolerance or immune reaction is a crucial process to succeed as living organisms. At the same time the interactions between host species and their microbiome, including potential pathogens and parasites, significantly contribute to animal life diversity. Marine filter-feeding bivalves, mussels in particular, can survive also in heavily anthropized coastal waters despite being constantly surrounded by microorganisms. Based on the first outline of the Mytilus galloprovincialis immunome dated 2011, the continuously growing transcript data and the recent release of a draft mussel genome, we explored the available sequence data and scientific literature to reinforce our knowledge on the main gene-encoded elements of the mussel immune responses, from the pathogen recognition to its clearance. We carefully investigated molecules specialized in the sensing and targeting of potential aggressors, expected to show greater molecular diversification, and outlined, whenever relevant, the interconnected cascades of the intracellular signal transduction. Aiming to explore the diversity of extracellular, membrane-bound and intracellular pattern recognition receptors in mussel, we updated a highly complex immune system, comprising molecules which are described here in detail for the first time (e.g. NOD-like receptors) or which had only been partially characterized in bivalves (e.g. RIG-like receptors). Overall, our comparative sequence analysis supported the identification of over 70 novel full-length immunity-related transcripts in M. galloprovincialis. Nevertheless, the multiplicity of gene functions relevant to immunity, the involvement of part of them in other vital processes, and also the lack of a refined mussel genome make this work still not-exhaustive and support the development of more specific studies.

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Section: Nod-like Receptors (Nlrs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

An updated molecular basis for mussel immunity

Gerdol

Venier

2015

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

134

163

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“…The mammalian NLR family, consisting of 22 members, is divided into four subfamilies on the basis of their N-termini: NLRA, NLRC, NLRP, and NAIP [42]. The NLRs that do not assemble inflammasomes include NLRA (CIITA) and most members of the NLRC subfamily, while the inflammasome-forming NLRs consist of NAIP and most members of the NLRP subfamily [18].…”

Section: Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain (Nod)-like Receptomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After sensing muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and d-γ-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP), NOD1/2 are recruited to the plasma membrane and form a complex with Erbb2 interacting protein (ERBIN), FERM and PDZ domaincontaining protein 2 (FRMPD2) or dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) [18]. Activated NOD1/2 oligomerizes, thus inducing the recruitment of receptor-interacting protein (RIP) 2, TRAFs, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (xIAP) and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (cIAPs) [18]. The cIAPs add K63-linked ubiquitin chains to RIP2, thus promoting the recruitment of the TABs-TAK1 complex [44].…”

Section: Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain (Nod)-like Receptomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inflammasome-forming NLRs include eight members: NLRP1-3, NLRP6, NLRP7, NLRP12, NLRC4, and NAIP [18,19]. Inflammasomes consist of three main constituents: an NLR sensor, an apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC) adaptor, and pro-caspase-1 [49].…”

Section: Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain (Nod)-like Receptomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As opposed to TLRs and CLRs, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are located within the cytoplasm [18]. They share three domains: an N-terminal effector domain, a central NACHT (or NBD) domain, and a C-terminal LRR [41].…”

Section: Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain (Nod)-like Receptomentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The innate immune signaling in cancer and cardiometabolic diseases: Friends or foes?

et al. 2017

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Innate Immune Mechanisms: Nonself Recognition

Quah

Parish

2015

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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The initial defence of the body against pathogens relies on the innate immune system. The innate immune system recognises unique molecular patterns expressed by pathogens, referred to as pathogen‐associated molecular patterns ( PAMPs ), through receptors known as pattern recognition molecules ( PRMs ). PRMs are a diverse range of molecules and include secreted proteins, transmembrane proteins and cytosolic proteins. These molecules sense extracellular and intracellular pathogens and induce a number of responses to help aid in pathogen destruction including phagocytosis through opsonisation, cytokine production and activation of complement. In addition to pathogen sensing, host cells express proteins, the complement regulatory proteins that protect them from attack by the alternative pathway of complement activation, whereas foreign organisms lack these protective proteins and are, therefore, susceptible to complement attack. Key Concepts The innate immune system recognises pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are unique to pathogens. Cells of the innate immune system express a large range of pattern recognition molecules (PRM) that bind to PAMPs. PRMs are a diverse range of molecules and include secreted proteins, membrane‐associated proteins and cytosolic proteins. PRMs induce a number of host defence mechanisms upon recognition of PAMPs, including phagocytosis, cytokine production and complement activation. Host cells express complement regulatory proteins that protect them from attack by innate mechanisms.

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Advances in Nod-like receptors (NLR) biology

Cited by 84 publications

References 208 publications

An updated molecular basis for mussel immunity

An updated molecular basis for mussel immunity

The innate immune signaling in cancer and cardiometabolic diseases: Friends or foes?

Innate Immune Mechanisms: Nonself Recognition

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