Advances in Cyclodextrin Polymers and Their Applications in Biomedicine

Abstract

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a family of macrocyclic oligosaccharides composed of α-1,4-linked D-glucopyranose units. The most commonly used CDs are α-, β-, and γ-CD, which consist of 6, 7, and 8 D-glucose units, respectively. They possess a relative hydrophobic inner cavity and a hydrophilic outer surface and can form inclusion complexes with various small molecules, metal ions and polymers, tailoring the physicochemical property of the guests, and thus have been widely used in the fields of pharmacy, food, chemistry, chromatography, catalysis, biotechnology, agriculture, cosmetics, hygiene, medicine, textiles and the environment, etc. However, it is difficult to manipulate the native CDs in some specific applications, they are crystallized solid and soluble in water but insoluble in most organic solvents. CD polymers (CDPs), such as crosslinked CDs or CD based hydrogels with various crosslinkers by chemical reactions, and CD based supramolecular polymers formed by physical interactions, can achieve the integration effect and synergy effect of CDs, crosslinkers and guest polymers, not only possessing the inclusion capacity of CDs, but also endowing CDs with other properties introduced by crosslinkers. The CDPs can be easily manipulated and they exhibit unique features that native CDs are lack of. Hence, the design, synthesis and applications of CDPs have attracted broad interests in recent years. This review focuses on the recent progress in CDPs, and different types of CDPs are identified and classified based on the structures and functions, namely CD based polyrotaxane, grafted CDs, crosslinked CDs and linear CDs, etc. Besides, the synthetic methodologies of CDPs are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to the breakthrough on the CDPs in the past five years, and their applications in biomedicine, such as drug delivery, gene delivery, target delivery, controlled release and cell imaging are discussed in detail. The typical applications in other fields such as absorption, environment remediation, thermal insulation, catalysis and slid-ring gels are also discussed in brief. Finally, the review provides brief summary and prospect of CDPs. Keywords cyclodextrin; polymer; chemical crosslinking; drug carrier; supramolecular self-assembly 1 引言 环糊精(cyclodextrin, 简称 CD)是一类由吡喃葡萄 糖单元通过 α-1,4-糖苷键链接而成的大环分子, 具有疏 水空腔和亲水外壁的中空圆台状立体结构, 能够通过包 结作用(encapsulation)与多种小分子和聚合物形成主-客 体(host-guest)包结物(inclusion complexes), 从而实现对 客体分子物理和化学性能的调控, 被广泛用于制药、食

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