Advanced Multifunctional Aqueous Rechargeable Batteries Design: From Materials and Devices to Systems

Abstract

safe, environmentally friendly, and costefficient energy storage technologies. Since renewable and green energy sources such as solar, wind, and tide are available only intermittently, batteries are an exceptionally promising technology to store electricity generated from such sources for later use at the peak consumption times in large scale networks. [1][2][3][4] Commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high energy density, cycle stability, and energy efficiency have dominated the energy storage field, and they provide a great convenience for our modern lives. [5,6] However, their further applications are hindered by safety concerns involving the use of harmful organic electrolytes and by the high cost of the appropriate electrode materials. [7,8] Lately, abundant sodium and potassium resources in nature have attracted much attention because of their similar chemical properties to lithium, where sodium-ion batteries and potassium-ion batteries have, thus, become promising alternatives for LIBs. [9][10][11][12] Although the issue of high cost can be solved using such novel battery materials, the usage of conventional organic electrolytes that are toxic and flammable still affects the safety of battery operation. Therefore, in recent years, large researchThe ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under

2022 Roadmap on aqueous batteries

“…Therefore, aqueous rechargeable batteries (ARBs) have become a hot topic in scientific research and industrial development in recent years. To date, ARBs have been mainly based on different metal ions, including alkali metal ions (Li + , Na + and K + ) and multivalent metal ions (Zn 2+ , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ and Al 3+ , etc) [6]. However, for practical applications of ARBs, the energy density and lifetime still need to be further improved.…”

Integrated Photovoltaic Charging and Energy Storage Systems: Mechanism, Optimization, and Future

“…The oxidizing mediator redox cathodes and convert them into reducing mediators. [144,[159][160][161] Together with this three-electrode system with multifunctional integrated photoelectronic materials, satisfactory electrochemical performance is also exhibited. The construction of integrated photoelectrodes based on dye sensitizer optimization is most common.…”

“…During the photoassisted charging process, the photoexcited semiconductor, or photocatalyst generates electron-hole pairs, which can redox the cathode due to the high VB potential of the semiconductor or photocatalyst. [47,83,[143][144][145][146] On the other hand, photogenerated electrons can reduce the metal ions of the anode to metal elements and the oxidized cathode to a reduced state under the action of an external bias. [11,46,[147][148][149] For example, Zhou et al introduced a Pt/CdS photocatalyst into a polysulfide water cathode to form an integrated device to realize the conversion and storage of solar energy in LiBs, whose theoretical specific capacity is 3-5 times that of traditional LiBs (Figure 10a,b).…”

High‐Energy Aqueous Asymmetric Supercapacitors via Synergistic Design of Electrodes Derived from Hierarchical Vanadium Dioxide Nanocomposites

“…In recent years, various energy storage devices have sprung up to meet the development of the markets. [1][2][3][4] Among them, supercapacitors (SCs) have been arousing extensive investigation interest due to their high power density, rapid charging/ discharging rate and environmental friendliness. [5] Nevertheless, the energy density is still astricted depending on the formula of E ¼ 1 2 CV 2 , thus it is imperative to provoke the energy density by improving the specific capacitance (C) and extending the working voltage (V) without sacrificing power density.…”