Adrenal Cholesterol: Localization by Electron-Microscope Autoradiography

Moses, Harold L.; Davis, Warren W.; Rosenthal, Alan S.; Garren, Leonard D.

doi:10.1126/science.163.3872.1203

Cited by 194 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Uteroglobin does not appear in blastocoele fluid until 132-140 hp.c, despite the fact that the protein first appears in rabbit uterine fluid at 72 h p.c. (Hamana & Hafez, 1970 (Moses, Davis, Rosenthal & Garren, 1969;Rhodin, 1971). The increasing number of lipid-like droplets in the trophoblast cell could represent the morphological basis for steroid movement across the rabbit trophectoderm after 135 hp.c.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accumulation of steroids in rabbit preimplantation blastocysts

Borland¹,

Erickson²,

Ducibella³

1977

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Summary. The concentrations of progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, oestrone and oestradiol were measured by radioimmunoassay in blastocysts and uterine fluid flushings collected from rabbits 110 to 159 h post coitum (p.c.). None of the blastocysts or uterine flushings contained detectable levels of androstenedione, testosterone or oestrone. All uterine flushings contained large amounts of progesterone and some of the flushings also contained oestradiol.A small amount of progesterone (\ m=~\ 7\ m=. \ 5pg/blastocyst) was first detectable in some blastocysts at 135 h p.c.; progesterone levels/blastocyst then increased progressively, reaching levels of about 122\p=n-\158 pg/blastocyst at 159 h p.c. Micropuncture of blastocysts at 159 h p.c. indicated that \ m=ge\ 90 % of the progesterone in the embryo was in the blastocoelic fluid. Blastocysts from rabbit uterine horns containing oestradiol also contained oestradiol but those in which oestradiol was detected were never observed in uteri lacking the hormone. It is inferred that rabbit blastocysts accumulate both progesterone and oestradiol from uterine fluid.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accumulation of steroids in rabbit preimplantation blastocysts

Borland¹,

Erickson²,

Ducibella³

1977

Reproduction

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“…In contrast, hemisection of apo A-I-deficient adrenal glands revealed a uniform fleshy appearance with a poorly discernible margin between cortex and medulla. To determine whether this difference in gross appearance reflected a difference in cholesteryl ester accumulation, cryostat sections were stained with oil red O, a dye that detects primarily cholesteryl ester droplets in adrenocortical cells (25,(30)(31)(32). A cross section through a wild-type adrenal gland ( Fig.…”

Section: Cholesteryl Ester Accumulation In Apo A-i-deficient Micementioning

confidence: 99%

Apolipoprotein A-I is required for cholesteryl ester accumulation in steroidogenic cells and for normal adrenal steroid production.

Plump

Erickson²,

Weng³

et al. 1996

J. Clin. Invest.

170

135

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In addition to its ability to remove cholesterol from cells, HDL also delivers cholesterol to cells through a poorly defined process in which cholesteryl esters are selectively transferred from HDL particles into the cell without the uptake and degradation of the lipoprotein particle. The HDLcholesteryl ester selective uptake pathway is known to occur in human, rabbit, and rodent hepatocytes where it may contribute to the clearance of plasma cholesteryl ester. The selective uptake pathway has been studied most extensively in steroidogenic cells of rodents in which it accounts for 90% or more of the cholesterol destined for steroid production or cholesteryl ester accumulation. In this study we have used apo A-I-, apo A-II-, and apo E-deficient mice created by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells to test the importance of the three major HDL proteins in determining cholesteryl ester accumulation in steroidogenic cells of the adrenal gland, ovary, and testis. apo E and apo A-II deficiencies were found to have only modest effects on cholesteryl ester accumulation. In contrast, apo A-I deficiency caused an almost complete failure to accumulate cholesteryl ester in steroidogenic cells. These results suggest that apo A-I is essential for the selective uptake of HDL-cholesteryl esters. The lack of apo A-I has a major impact on adrenal gland physiology causing diminished basal corticosteroid production, a blunted steroidogenic response to stress, and increased expression of compensatory pathways to provide cholesterol substrate for steroid production. ( J. Clin. Invest. 1996. 97: 2660-2671.) Key words: high density lipoprotein • selective uptake • corticosteroids • apolipoprotein-deficient mice

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“…The starting material for the synthesis of corticosterone in rat adrenal cortex is cholesterol which is stored in the intracellular lipid droplets mainly in the form of long-chain fatty-acid esters of cholesterol [2].…”

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confidence: 99%

The Effect of Stress Induced by Ether Anaesthesia on Cholesterol Content and Cholesteryl‐Esterase Activity in Rat‐Adrenal Cortex

Trzeciak¹,

Boyd

1973

European Journal of Biochemistry

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The cholesterol content and the activities of cholesteryl esterase and cyclic---dependent protein kinase have been studied in the adrenal glands of rats. These studies have been performed on the adrenal glands of rats injected with a protein-synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, and in the adrenal glands of rats exposed to ether anaesthesia to increase the blood concentration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone.The analysis of the adrenal steroids revealed that acute stress induced by ether anaesthesia stimulated cholesterol ester depletion in adrend lipid droplets. Cycloheximide injection into rats did not significantly alter the concentrations of cholesterol and cholesterol esters in the lipid droplets. Injection of cycloheximide followed by ether anaesthesia resulted in an increase in free cholesterol with a concomitant decrease in cholesterol ester concentration within the lipid droplets.Cholesteryl esterase and protein kinase activities in rat adrenal 105000 x g supernatant fractions were significantly higher in animals subjected to stress by ether anaesthesia. Injection of cycloheximide did not prevent the streas-induced enhancement of the activities of either enzyme.Cholesteryl esterase activity waa sigdicantly enhanced by the addition of cyclic AMP, ATP and theophylline in the presence of cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase. The combination of all three activators proved to be more effective than any one or combinationa of any two factors. The degree to which the activators stimulated cholesteryl esterase was higher in untreated animals than in animals subjected to ether anaesthesia.It is postulated that the enhancement of cholesteryl esterme activity induced by ether anaesthesia is due to the effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone on the adrenal gland, and that in vitro activation of cholesteryl esterase by cyclic AMP and ATP involves a protein-kinase-dependent phosphorylation reaction.Subcellular distribution of cholesteryl esterwe activity in rat adrenal gland and some properties of the enzyme have been studied.The starting material for the synthesis of corticosterone in rat adrenal cortex is cholesterol which is stored in the intracellular lipid droplets mainly in the form of long-chain fatty-acid esters of cholesterol Cholesteryl esterase activity has been demonstrated in adrenal glands by Dailey et al. [7]. However very little information on the adrenal cholesteryl esterase is available and no thorough investigation of the enzyme has been reported. A recent report [8] revealed that adrenal cholesteryl esterase activity could be sigrdcantly enhanced by the prior injection of adrenocorticotrophic hormone into rats. There k also evidence that in perfused rat adrenal glands, cholesterol ester hydrolysis is stimulated by adrenocorticotrophic hormone. Under these con&

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Adrenal Cholesterol: Localization by Electron-Microscope Autoradiography

Abstract: As determined by electron-microscope autoradiography of adrenal glands containing tritiated cholesterol and by modified differential centrifugation techniques, 70 to 80 percent of adrenal cholesterol is contained within lipid droplets of rat adrenal cortical cells.

Cited by 194 publications

References 20 publications

Accumulation of steroids in rabbit preimplantation blastocysts

Accumulation of steroids in rabbit preimplantation blastocysts

Apolipoprotein A-I is required for cholesteryl ester accumulation in steroidogenic cells and for normal adrenal steroid production.

The Effect of Stress Induced by Ether Anaesthesia on Cholesterol Content and Cholesteryl‐Esterase Activity in Rat‐Adrenal Cortex

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