Adjuvants for New and Improved Vaccines

Allison, A. C.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0357-2_1

Cited by 2 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…More or less the same levels of induction were observed when FCA, FIA and QuilA were injected in the presence of antigen. Al(OH) 3 poses an exception to the above. When this adjuvant was administered in combination with antigen, higher levels of IL-4 mRNA-producing cells were detected, suggesting a synergistic effect on IL-4 gene induction ( Fig.…”

Section: Induction Of Il-4 Mrnamentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The adjuvants FCA, FIA, Al(OH) 3 and QuilA all substantially increase the frequencies of IL-4 mRNA-producing cells ( Fig. 2a), as well as the number of autoradiographic grains per positive cell ( Table 1).…”

Section: Induction Of Il-4 Mrnamentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Administration of FCA, FIA, Al(OH) 3 or QuilA, resulted in an increased number of IL-13 and IL-5 mRNA-producing cells (Fig. 2b,c) as well as an increase in autoradiographic grains per positive cells (Table 1).…”

Section: Induction Of Il-13 and Il-5 Mrnamentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The amount of adjuvant injected per mouse was as follows: FCA 0 . 1 ml, LPS 100 mg, Al(OH) 3 20 mg, LiCl 100 mg, BeSO 4 50 mg, QuilA 100 mg and poly I:C or A:U 1 . 2 mg [7].…”

Section: Immunizationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, often these antigens are only weak immunogens, and for this reason adjuvants are being used to increase their potency. An adjuvant acts upon the humoral response by increasing the quantity and the affinity and by modulating the isotype of the induced antibodies [3]. Antibody isotype affects crucial features such as tissue distribution, complement activation, binding to high-affinity receptors on monocytes and other cell types.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regulation of cytokine gene expression by adjuvants in vivo

Victoratos

Yiangou

Avramidis

et al. 1997

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

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Antibody isotype affects biological activity of the antibodies and therefore should be considered in prevention of disease by vaccination. In previous reports, we demonstrated that adjuvants affect the antibody isotype switching process and favour the production of certain isotypes. The present study extends these findings and shows fundamental differences in the cytokine induction pattern according to the adjuvant used. Cytokine mRNA levels were determined by in situ RNA–RNA hybridization performed on splenocytes isolated from mice injected with different adjuvants. The results revealed that Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA), Al(OH)3 and QuilA administration results in a type‐2 (humoral) response, increasing IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐13 gene expression, while poly I:C exhibits a type‐1 (cell‐mediated) response, increasing the production of interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), IL‐2 and IL‐6 mRNA. Finally, BeSO4 and poly A:U augment IL‐5 and IL‐6 mRNA production, while lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LiCl augment IL‐6 and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) mRNA production. Also, the adjuvants appear capable of overcoming the inherent IL‐2/IFN‐γ and IL‐4 dichotomy of C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice, respectively, in response to cellular antigens such as Leishmania and herpessimplex virus (HSV). The overall data suggest that adjuvants direct the isotype switching process via induction of certain cytokines, a finding that can be useful in selection of the most efficient isotype of protective antibodies for disease prevention by vaccination.

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Section: Induction Of Il-4 Mrnamentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Induction Of Il-4 Mrnamentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Induction Of Il-13 and Il-5 Mrnamentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The amount of adjuvant injected per mouse was as follows: FCA 0 . 1 ml, LPS 100 mg, Al(OH) 3 20 mg, LiCl 100 mg, BeSO 4 50 mg, QuilA 100 mg and poly I:C or A:U 1 . 2 mg [7].…”

Section: Immunizationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regulation of cytokine gene expression by adjuvants in vivo

Victoratos

Yiangou

Avramidis

et al. 1997

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

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Polarization of the Immune Response to the Single Immunodominant Epitope of p38, a MajorSchistosoma mansoniEgg Antigen, Generates Th1- or Th2-Type Cytokines and Granulomas

Chen

Boros

1999

Infect Immun

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In schistosomiasis mansoni, helminth eggs secrete soluble egg antigens (SEA) that induce T-cell-mediated granulomatous tissue responses. The cloned 38-kDa peptide (p38) of SEA was shown to induce and elicit Th1-type responsiveness in H-2k mice. Subsequently, the immunodominant T-cell epitope (P4) of p38 was shown to elicit pulmonary granuloma formation and Th1-type cytokine production in sensitized or infected mice. Here, we report that the immune response to p38 or P4 can be polarized to a Th1 or Th2 profile when the peptides are presented intraperitoneally in soluble recombinant interleukin-12 (IL-12) or alum adjuvant, respectively. The Th1 or Th2 profile was verified by cytokine secretion, enzyme-linked spot assay, and antibody isotype characterization. Importantly, the polarized immune response generated two types of pulmonary granulomas around injected P4-coated beads. The type 1 granulomas were smaller and contained mononuclear cells and occasional thin strands of deposited collagen. In contrast, the type 2 lesions were larger and contained mononuclear cells, large numbers of eosinophils, and several thick bands of deposited collagen. By reverse transcription-PCR cytokine, message in the type 1 granuloma-bearing lungs was found for gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and inducible nitric oxide synthase but not for IL-4 or IL-5. Conversely, lungs with type 2 granulomas had message only for IL-4 and IL-5. These results show that in the proper cytokine environment, the response to a strong Th1 inducer peptide can be deviated to a Th2 profile.

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Adjuvants for New and Improved Vaccines

Cited by 2 publications

References 57 publications

Regulation of cytokine gene expression by adjuvants in vivo

Regulation of cytokine gene expression by adjuvants in vivo

Polarization of the Immune Response to the Single Immunodominant Epitope of p38, a MajorSchistosoma mansoniEgg Antigen, Generates Th1- or Th2-Type Cytokines and Granulomas

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