Adjustment of Iron Intake for Dietary Enhancers and Inhibitors in Population Studies: Bioavailable Iron in Rural and Urban Residing Russian Women and Children ,

Abstract

Although determining iron intakes is essential in assessing adequacy of iron in the diet, estimating iron availability may be more useful for evaluating whether iron requirements are met. Our objectives were to describe the dietary information, analytical steps, and computer algorithms needed for iron bioavailability adjustments and to demonstrate the effects of various dietary factors on calculated iron absorption. Our study was based on 9890 women and children participating in the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey. Between August 1992 and February 1993, two 24-h recalls were collected from each participant, and total, heme and nonheme iron intakes were calculated. Nonheme iron availability was adjusted for meat, fish and poultry and vitamin C consumed in the same meal and then further adjusted for tea and phytates. We found mean total iron intakes to be comparable to those of women of reproductive age in the United States and lower than those of United States children. When these intakes were adjusted for enhancers and inhibitors of absorption, the iron bioavailability in these vulnerable Russian groups was extremely low. Mean bioavailable iron as well as the 25th-75th percentile ranges of intake were below the bottom of the range of requirements, indicating that iron adequacy in this population may be considerably less than expected based on total iron intakes alone. Furthermore, rural and urban food availability had a significant effect on iron bioavailability. Future research on dietary iron adequacy should be based on estimates of available iron by collecting meal-level dietary data and using detailed information on mixed dishes and phytates.

Ingestão de energia e nutrientes por adolescentes de uma escola pública

“…Em alguns outros estudos 23,24 , o consumo de ferro esteve abaixo dos valores recomendados e abaixo dos valores encontrados no presente estudo, e concluíram que a deficiência de ferro é um dos problemas nutricionais freqüentes entre os adolescentes e que pode ter repercussão não só na saúde, mas também nas aptidões e rendimento escolar dos indivíduos.…”

Participatory nutrition education and adoption of new feeding practices are associated with improved adequacy of complementary diets among rural Malawian children: a pilot study

“…A linear regression model controlling for age, sex, and reported unusual intakes was used to test for statistical differences between study groups where data from both age groups were combined. b Percent iron bioavailability was estimated using a logarithm presented by Tseng et al (1997) and modified by Bhargava et al (2001), which takes into account intakes of haeme and nonhaeme iron, meat, fish, and poultry, ascorbic acid, and phytate at each meal.…”

“…To facilitate comparison with WHO/ UNICEF (1998) estimated nutrient needs for complementary-fed children, dietary data were only evaluated for breastfed children 9 to 23 months of age. Bioavailable zinc was calculated using an algorithm presented in Bunch and Murphy (1997) and bioavailable iron was calculated using an algorithm from Bhargava et al (2001), as modified from Tseng et al (1997). Nutrient values for foods modified specifically for the intervention were added to the food composition database.…”

Comparisons of vegetarian and beef-containing diets on hematological indexes and iron stores during a period of resistive training in older men

“…A computer program was created that adjusted iron intake for bioavailability using the algorithms developed by Monsen and Balintfy (16) and Tseng and colleagues (17). All iron bioavailability calculations were based on absorption assuming normal iron stores.…”

“…The Monsen and Balintfy algorithm adjusts for the presence of two enhancing factors, the effects of meat, fish, and poultry, and vitamin C on a per meal basis. The method developed by Tseng and colleagues (17) is an expansion of the Monsen and Balintfy (16) method and was used for comparison. It further adjusts nonheme iron availability for the inhibiting factors of phytate and tea consumption.…”