Adipose mesenchymal stromal cells: Definition, immunomodulatory properties, mechanical isolation and interest for plastic surgery

Abstract

Ever since their discovery in 2001, adipose mesenchymal stromal cells (ASC) have profoundly modified clinical indications and our practice of plastic surgery, thereby placing our discipline at the forefront of regenerative medicine. These cells act through paracrine signaling by synthesizing immunosuppressive and pro-angiogenic factors. They are of key importance with regard to the regenerative properties of autologously grafted adipose tissue (AT). Taken together, they make up the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) comprising all AT cells except for adipocytes. As our knowledge evolves, we are moving from fat grafting towards SVF grafting, of which the essential sought-after effect is tissue regeneration. The objective of the present review is to synthesize present-day information on ASCs and their immunomodulatory properties and, from a practical standpoint, to indicate present-day and future steps towards establishment of clinical routine, particularly through application of techniques favoring mechanical digestion of adipose tissue.

<p>The 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ Analogs ZK159222 and ZK191784 Show Anti-Inflammatory Properties in Macrophage-Induced Preadipocytes via Modulating the NF-κB and MAPK Signaling</p>

“…Physiologically, macrophage-preadipocyte interactions influence especially adipogenesis, lipolysis and apoptosis, which are fundamental metabolic processes to maintain adipose tissue homeostasis. 26,27 During metaflammation, infiltration of excess M1 macrophages mobilize preadipocytes in paracrine/autocrine manners to disrupt adipose tissue homeostasis, which might make a critical contribution to MetS. 3,4,27,28 Hence, in this study, the metaflammatory responses were stimulated in macrophage-induced preadipocytes and measured only in supernatant/lysate extracted from the preadipocytes, since they are the progenitor of adipose tissue, rather than macrophages.…”

Regenerative and stem cell-based techniques for facial rejuvenation

“…29 Although the mechanism of actions are unclear, nanofat injections lead to enhanced collagen deposition, skin elasticity, angiogenesis, and thickening of the dermis leading to a growing interest for the use of in facial rejuvenation. 30–32 The use of nanofat has been described in the injectable tissue replacement and regeneration technique for facial rejuvenation which describes a method of replacing anatomic losses of fat with different sizes of autogenous fat grafts in order to substitute areas of bone, deep fat, superficial fat, and dermal/epithelial regeneration. 33 Additionally, while millifat is used for the deep fat compartments and areas of bone loss and microfat is used for superficial fat compartments, nanofat is used for the tear trough regions, intradermal injections, and microneedling.…”

Autologous fat grafting in the face and neck-Multinational trends and knowledge of the safety, applications and indications considering oncologic risk potential

“…ASCs are involved in biologic pathways of inflammation and tumour environment. (7) ASCs have been ascertained to promote angiogenesis and further showed elevated pro-oncologic behaviour in xenografts (10,11). The applications also have expanded beyond physical 'contouring and space-filling' to regenerative applications that address radiation injury, abnormal scarring, improving aged skin and managing varieties of skin injury such as burns (2,9,12).…”