Addressing the Global Disease Burden of Typhoid Fever

Bhutta, Zulfiqar A

doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1259

Cited by 39 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…Global estimates indicate 21 million typhoid cases and 5 million cases of paratyphoid fever along with 215,000 fatalities each year [1]. There is an estimated 93 million nontyphoidal salmonellosis with 155,000 fatalities every year [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hoodwinking the Big-Eater to Prosper: The Salmonella-Macrophage Paradigm

2018

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Salmonella is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing and underdeveloped nations. Being a foodborne disease, Salmonella infection is primarily contracted through the ingestion of contaminated food or water, or due to close contact with infected/carrier individuals. It is an intracellular pathogen, which can survive and replicate in various cells including macrophages, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, and other white blood cells. Once Salmonella crosses the intestinal barrier, it disseminates to various systemic sites by circulation via immune cells. One of the major cell types which are involved in Salmonella infection are host macrophages. They are the niche for intracellular survival and proliferation of Salmonella and a mode of dissemination to distal systemic sites. These cells are very crucial as they mediate the mounting of an appropriate innate and adaptive anti-Salmonella immune response. In this review, we have tried to concise the current knowledge of complex interactions that occur between Salmonella and macrophages.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hoodwinking the Big-Eater to Prosper: The Salmonella-Macrophage Paradigm

2018

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“…Antibiotic resistance in S. Typhi isolates has risen dramatically since the 1980s, which intensifies the need for new publichealth-based strategies, prudent use of antibiotics, and nextgeneration vaccines (1,2,37). Although typhoid fever vaccines have been available for over a century, they have ranged greatly in efficacy and reactogenicity (13,14).…”

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confidence: 99%

Antibodies in Action: Role of Human Opsonins in Killing Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi

et al. 2011

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Although vaccines have been available for over a century, a correlate of protection for typhoid fever has yet to be identified. Antibodies are produced in response to typhoid infection and vaccination and are generally used as the gold standard for determining vaccine immunogenicity, even though their role in clearance of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi infections is poorly defined. Here, we describe the first functional characterization of S. Typhi-specific antibodies following vaccination with a new vaccine, M01ZH09 (Ty2 ⌬aroC ⌬ssaV). We determined that postvaccination sera increased the uptake of wild-type S. Typhi by human macrophages up to 2.3-fold relative to prevaccination (day 0) or placebo samples. These results were recapitulated using immunoglobulins purified from postvaccination serum, demonstrating that antibodies were largely responsible for increases in uptake. Imaging verified that macrophages internalized 2-to 9.5-fold more S. Typhi when the bacteria were opsonized with postvaccination sera than when the bacteria were opsonized with day 0 or placebo sera. Once inside macrophages, the survival of S. Typhi was reduced as much as 50% when opsonized with postvaccination sera relative to day 0 or placebo serum samples. Lastly, bactericidal assays indicated that antibodies generated postvaccination were recognized by complement factors and assisted in killing S. Typhi: mean postvaccination bactericidal antibody titers were higher at all time points than placebo and day 0 titers. These data clearly demonstrate that there are at least two mechanisms by which antibodies facilitate killing of S. Typhi. Future work could lead to improved immunogenicity tests associated with vaccine efficacy and the identification of correlates of protection against typhoid fever.

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“…Typhoid fever is an infamous disease caused by the humanadapted serovar, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, which costs thousands of lives every year across the globe. 1,2 On the other hand, non-human-adapted serovar Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and others are known to cause enteritis in human and typhoid-like fever in mouse.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effectors of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2: An Island crucial to the life of Salmonella

2011

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Addressing the Global Disease Burden of Typhoid Fever

Cited by 39 publications

References 16 publications

Hoodwinking the Big-Eater to Prosper: The <b><i>Salmonella</i></b>-Macrophage Paradigm

Hoodwinking the Big-Eater to Prosper: The <b><i>Salmonella</i></b>-Macrophage Paradigm

Antibodies in Action: Role of Human Opsonins in Killing Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi

Effectors of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2: An Island crucial to the life of Salmonella

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