Addressing Social Inequality and Improper Water Distribution in Cities: A Case Study of Karachi, Pakistan

Abstract

Inhabited by almost 20 million people, Karachi, also known as the “city of lights”, houses almost 60 percent of the industries in Pakistan and is considered as the financial and industrial center of the country. The city contributes almost 12–15 percent to the gross domestic product (GDP), showing its significance in Pakistan’s economy. Unfortunately, with the increase in population, the city is facing a serious shortage of water supply. The current allocation of water among the city’s districts is not equitable, which has caused water scarcity and even riots in some areas. Surface water and ground water are the two primary sources of water supply in the city. The water supply provided by Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KWSB) is approximately 650 million gallons per day (MGD) against a demand of 480–866 million gallons per day (MGD), resulting in a serious shortfall. Keeping a holistic view in mind, this paper focuses specifically on proposing measures to address the gap in proposing concrete solutions to manage Karachi’s increasing water woes. It also proposes a water allocation mechanism and uses Nash bargaining theory to address the inefficient and unequal water distribution. Results indicate that our suggested policies and water allocation mechanism have the potential to simultaneously resolve the supply–demand mismatch and water shortage problems of the city.

Fabrication of Efficient and Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Sucrose

“…Animals consume sucrose to maintain their energy levels, which affects their lipid metabolism and insulin effectiveness [ 3 , 4 ]. The most prevalent element in foods and beverages is sucrose [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Consuming too much sugar worsens human health issues [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Quantifying Household Water Use and Its Determinants in Low-Income, Water-Scarce Households in Karachi

“…Residential water connections in Karachi are not metered, and no peer-reviewed household water use study exists for Karachi. In the absence of empirical evidence, various estimates for Karachi's water 2 of 15 demand abound, ranging from 900 million gallons per day (MGD) [11] to 1200 MGD [12], all significantly greater than Karachi's water supply of 600 MGD. However, water demand forecasts in Karachi have historically been overstated, much like across cities globally [13], and especially so in low-to-middle income regions [14].…”