Adaptive Polymersome Nanoreactors

Abstract

Adaptive polymersome systems have gained much interest in a wide variety of research fields, ranging from cell mimics to nanomedicine, because of their high stability, tunable shape and size. Furthermore, polymersomes can be effectively transformed into nanoreactors via the incorporation of catalytic species. By employing polymersomes which are adaptive in structure and function the features of polymersome nanoreactors can be even further extended. In this review, we focus on recent impressive developments of smart polymersomes as functional nanoreactors with an emphasis on the type of adaptivity that is installed, which includes intrinsic permeability, stimuli‐responsiveness and self‐adaptivity. Moreover, particular attention is given to the utility of polymersome nanoreactors in vitro and in vivo, which paves the next step forward towards the engineering of artificial organelles as therapeutic materials.

Nanoarchitectonics beyond Self‐Assembly: Challenges to Create Bio‐Like Hierarchic Organization

“…Finally,i th as to be noted that the above-mentioned discussions have to be integrated with the related professional research areas such as considerations on self-assembly including,non-equilibrium, dissipative,transient, and related assemblies [133] and advances in instructed assembly. [134] In addition, further progresses of hybridization of bio-components with emerging nanomaterials such as 2D materials have to be paid attention.…”

Nanoarchitektonik als ein Ansatz zur Erzeugung bioähnlicher hierarchischer Organisate

“…Abschließend ist anzumerken, dass die zuvor beschriebenen Erläuterungen in die verwandten Forschungsgebiete eingegliedert werden müssen, wie die Überlegungen zur Selbstassemblierung einschließlich Nichtgleichgewichtsassemblierungen, dissipativen, transienten und verwandten Assemblierungen [133] und Fortschritte bei der instruierten Assemblierung. [134] Außerdem sollte der Weiterentwicklung der Hybridisierung von Biokomponenten mit aufkommenden Nanomaterialien wie zweidimensionalen Materialien gesteigerte Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet werden.…”

Hybrid giant lipid vesicles incorporating a PMMA-based copolymer

“…Their structure allows the encapsulation of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic components with high loading efficiency, which mainly boosted the research in applications related to drug delivery [1][2][3][4]. Besides, the last 10 years of research witnessed a growing interest in polymersomes used as reactors [5]. For this particular application, the low bilayer permeability of the high molecular weight constituents represents a drawback.…”

“…Block copolymers forming intrinsically permeable polymersomes [6,7], polymersomes whose permeability can be modulated by a stimulus, i.e. pH [8], light [9], CO2 [10], and self-adaptive polymersomes [5] have been proposed. A further, less explored possibility is the use of hybrid lipid/polymer vesicles, which could exploit the complementary properties of liposomes and polymersomes, i.e.…”