Adaptive Optics Retinal Imaging

Carroll, Joseph

doi:10.1001/archopht.126.6.857

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…1 High-resolution adaptive optics (AO) devices allow for imaging of retinal cells, e.g., a detailed view of the cone photoreceptor mosaic. [2][3][4][5][6] With suitable modifications, the Heidelberg Retina Angiograph (HRA; Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany), a confocal laser ophthalmoscope, also allows in vivo imaging of the cone photoreceptor mosaic in the clinic. 7 Specifically when the scan angle of the instrument is reduced well below that of its commercial specification, a fast and non-invasive method of highresolution imaging is achievable, with minimal discomfort to patients, enabling in vivo images of the cone photoreceptor mosaic and the possibility of identifying and quantifying pathological cone loss.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ageing changes in retinal outer nuclear layer thickness and cone photoreceptor density using adaptive optics-free imaging

Matlach

Mulholland

Cilkova

et al. 2023

European Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose To investigate age-related changes of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness and cone density, and their associations in healthy participants using a modified, narrow scan-angle Heidelberg Retina Angiograph (HRA2). Methods Retinal cones were imaged outside the fovea at 8.8° eccentricity and cone density was compared to ONL thickness measurements obtained by Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) at the same locations. Fifty-six eyes of 56 healthy participants with a median age (interquartile range, IQR) of 37 years (29–55) were included. Results Median (IQR) cone count was 7,472 (7,188, 7,746) cones/mm2 and median (IQR) ONL thickness was 56 (52, 60) µm for healthy participants. Both cone density and ONL thickness were negatively associated with age: cone density, R2 = 0.16 (F(1,54) = 10.41, P = 0.002); ONL thickness, R2 = 0.12 (F(1,54) = 7.41, P = 0.009). No significant association was seen between cone density and ONL thickness (R2 = 0.03; F(1,54) = 1.66, P = 0.20). Conclusion Cone density was lower, and ONL thinner, in older compared to younger participants, therefore, image-based structural measures should be compared to age-related data. However, cone density and ONL thickness were not strongly associated, indicating that determinants of ONL thickness measurements other than cone density measurements, and including measurement error, have a major influence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ageing changes in retinal outer nuclear layer thickness and cone photoreceptor density using adaptive optics-free imaging

Matlach

Mulholland

Cilkova

et al. 2023

European Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…Increasingly, adaptive optics systems are employing multiple wavelength channels for a range of imaging and vision testing applications [2][3][4]. Most systems use different wavelengths for wavefront sensing and imaging [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wide-vergence, multi-spectral adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope with diffraction-limited illumination and collection

Mozaffari¹,

Larocca²,

Jaedicke³

et al. 2020

Biomed. Opt. Express

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Visualizing and assessing the function of microscopic retinal structures in the human eye is a challenging task that has been greatly facilitated by ophthalmic adaptive optics (AO). Yet, as AO imaging systems advance in functionality by employing multiple spectral channels and larger vergence ranges, achieving optimal resolution and signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) becomes difficult and is often compromised. While current-generation AO retinal imaging systems have demonstrated excellent, near diffraction-limited imaging performance over wide vergence and spectral ranges, a full theoretical and experimental analysis of an AOSLO that includes both the light delivery and collection optics has not been done, and neither has the effects of extending wavefront correction from one wavelength to imaging performance in different spectral channels. Here, we report a methodology and system design for simultaneously achieving diffraction-limited performance in both the illumination and collection paths for a wide-vergence, multi-spectral AO scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) over a 1.2 diopter vergence range while correcting the wavefront in a separate wavelength. To validate the design, an AOSLO was constructed to have three imaging channels spanning different wavelength ranges (543 ± 11 nm, 680 ± 11 nm, and 840 ± 6 nm, respectively) and one near-infrared wavefront sensing channel (940 ± 5 nm). The AOSLO optics and their alignment were determined via simulations in optical and optomechanical design software and then experimentally verified by measuring the AOSLO's illumination and collection point spread functions (PSF) for each channel using a phase retrieval technique. The collection efficiency was then measured for each channel as a function of confocal pinhole size when imaging a model eye achieving near-theoretical performance. Imaging results from healthy human adult volunteers demonstrate the system's ability to resolve the foveal cone mosaic in all three imaging channels despite a wide spectral separation between the wavefront sensing and imaging channels.

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“…Using AO, not only cone but also rod photoreceptor structure has been studied in healthy subjects 7 , 8 and in patients suffering from different retinal diseases. 11 – 15 AO retinal imaging has helped to assess progression of the disease as well as response to novel treatments 16 or even to observe spontaneous regeneration of photoreceptor outer segments. 17 Figure 1 shows some adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) images from an in vivo healthy human retina, where the cone and rod photoreceptors can be observed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope imaging: technology update

Merino¹,

Loza-Álvarez²

2016

OPTH

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Adaptive optics (AO) retinal imaging has become very popular in the past few years, especially within the ophthalmic research community. Several different retinal techniques, such as fundus imaging cameras or optical coherence tomography systems, have been coupled with AO in order to produce impressive images showing individual cell mosaics over different layers of the in vivo human retina. The combination of AO with scanning laser ophthalmoscopy has been extensively used to generate impressive images of the human retina with unprecedented resolution, showing individual photoreceptor cells, retinal pigment epithelium cells, as well as microscopic capillary vessels, or the nerve fiber layer. Over the past few years, the technique has evolved to develop several different applications not only in the clinic but also in different animal models, thanks to technological developments in the field. These developments have specific applications to different fields of investigation, which are not limited to the study of retinal diseases but also to the understanding of the retinal function and vision science. This review is an attempt to summarize these developments in an understandable and brief manner in order to guide the reader into the possibilities that AO scanning laser ophthalmoscopy offers, as well as its limitations, which should be taken into account when planning on using it.

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Adaptive Optics Retinal Imaging

Cited by 12 publications

References 15 publications

Ageing changes in retinal outer nuclear layer thickness and cone photoreceptor density using adaptive optics-free imaging

Ageing changes in retinal outer nuclear layer thickness and cone photoreceptor density using adaptive optics-free imaging

Wide-vergence, multi-spectral adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope with diffraction-limited illumination and collection

Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope imaging: technology update

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