Adaptive immune responses in Staphylococcus aureus biofilm–associated chronic rhinosinusitis

Abstract

This study provides novel evidence of a link between S. aureus biofilms and skewing of the T-cell response toward the T-helper(2) pathway that is independent of superantigen activities. Further research is required to confirm the cause-effect relationship of this association.

Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus: the Trojan horse of recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis?

“…38 These data have also been confirmed in vivo, where it was noted that S. aureus biofilms themselves directed a trend toward a Th2-based cytokine response. 39 This suggests that S. aureus itself may play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of polyps themselves, and thus it could even be that IC S. aureus infection is the factor that promotes polyp formation. Clearly this hypothesis requires rigorous testing and validation in further scientific experiments before it can be accepted as fact.…”

T regulatory and Th17 cells in chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps

“…[1][2][3] In a non-disease state, cells of the adaptive immune system work together with cells of the innate immune system to mount an effective immune response. The dysregulation of this response causes immune dysfunction and prohibits the clearance of invading pathogens resulting in an ongoing inflammatory state.…”

Phenotype Switching Is a Natural Consequence of Staphylococcus aureus Replication

“…In spite of a robust immune response and apparently appropriate antimicrobial therapy, S. aureus frequently gives rise to chronic or recurrent infections (8,22,27,30,33,34). The mechanisms by which S. aureus persists within host tissues are poorly understood but likely include both biofilm formation and intracellular residency, both of which confer a degree of protection against immune components and antimicrobial therapy (1,9,11,23,28).…”