Adaptation of green toad (Bufo viridis) to terrestrial life by urea accumulation

Salinity tolerance of the gemmules of Eunapius fragilis (Leidy) and the inhibition of germination by various salts

“…Exposure of gemmules to solutions of high osmolarity or to air brings about a loss of water from the cells . In a similar manner, the terrestrial anuran, Bufo viridis, can be adapted to 800 mOsm 20 NaCl, although it is not found in saline waters under natural conditions (Degani et al ., 1984).…”

Salinity tolerance of the gemmules of Eunapius fragilis (Leidy) and the inhibition of germination by various salts

“…Exposure of gemmules to solutions of high osmolarity or to air brings about a loss of water from the cells . In a similar manner, the terrestrial anuran, Bufo viridis, can be adapted to 800 mOsm 20 NaCl, although it is not found in saline waters under natural conditions (Degani et al ., 1984).…”

Physiological Response of Pelophylax nigromaculatus Adults to Salinity Exposure

“…Salt tolerance and resilience, as well as dehydration resistance, can determine species differentiation and habitat use and can have important consequences for species adaptation and evolution [4,44]. Some researchers support the hypothesis that dehydration and salt tolerance may have evolved together in amphibians [45,46], because green toads ( Bufotes viridis ) found in both arid and saline environments use the same physiological mechanism to synthesize and maintain the urea to survive in both habitats [27,47]. However, other researchers believe that dehydration and salt tolerance independently evolved in amphibians, arguing that there is no significant interaction between the capacities to tolerate the dehydration and salt conditions, and that there may be no genetic association between them [48].…”

Dehydration as a stressor in toads (Rhinella ornata)

“…Rats, birds, and lizards, for example, showed an increase in GCs when exposed to dehydration stress (Arnhold, Wotus, & Engeland, ; Cain & Lien, ; Moeller et al, ). Previous studies have shown that dehydration affects amphibian locomotor performance and thermal tolerance (Anderson & Andrade, ; Titon & Gomes, ; Titon et al, ), increases body fluid concentration (hematocrit, hemoglobin content, plasma osmolarity, and urea concentration; Anderson, Bovo, Eismann, Menegario, & Andrade, ; Degani, Silanikove, & Shkolnik, , Jørgensen, ; Lillywhite, ; Ruibal 1962; Ruibal, Tevis, & Roig, ; Shoemaker, ; Shoemaker & Nagy, ; Shoemaker, McClanahan, & Ruibal, ), and decreases the mass of visceral organs the rates of evaporative water loss (Anderson et al, ). However, to date there are few studies showing the relationship of dehydration with GCs levels anurans.…”

“…An elevation of GC plasma levels has been previously documented in response to dehydration for other tetrapods with a large interspecific variation. Rats, birds, and lizards, for example, showed an increase in GCs when exposed to dehydration stress (Arnhold, Degani, Silanikove, & Shkolnik, 1984, Jørgensen, 1997Lillywhite, 2006;Ruibal 1962;Ruibal, Tevis, & Roig, 1969;Shoemaker, 1964;Shoemaker & Nagy, 1977;Shoemaker, McClanahan, & Ruibal, 1969), and decreases the mass of visceral organs the rates of evaporative water loss . However, to date there are few studies showing the relationship of dehydration with GCs levels anurans.…”

Salinity tolerance of the gemmules of Eunapius fragilis (Leidy) and the inhibition of germination by various salts

“…Exposure of gemmules to solutions of high osmolarity or to air brings about a loss of water from the cells . In a similar manner, the terrestrial anuran, Bufo viridis, can be adapted to 800 mOsm 20 NaCl, although it is not found in saline waters under natural conditions (Degani et al ., 1984).…”

Physiological Response of Pelophylax nigromaculatus Adults to Salinity Exposure

“…Salt tolerance and resilience, as well as dehydration resistance, can determine species differentiation and habitat use and can have important consequences for species adaptation and evolution [4,44]. Some researchers support the hypothesis that dehydration and salt tolerance may have evolved together in amphibians [45,46], because green toads ( Bufotes viridis ) found in both arid and saline environments use the same physiological mechanism to synthesize and maintain the urea to survive in both habitats [27,47]. However, other researchers believe that dehydration and salt tolerance independently evolved in amphibians, arguing that there is no significant interaction between the capacities to tolerate the dehydration and salt conditions, and that there may be no genetic association between them [48].…”

Dehydration as a stressor in toads (Rhinella ornata)

“…Rats, birds, and lizards, for example, showed an increase in GCs when exposed to dehydration stress (Arnhold, Wotus, & Engeland, ; Cain & Lien, ; Moeller et al, ). Previous studies have shown that dehydration affects amphibian locomotor performance and thermal tolerance (Anderson & Andrade, ; Titon & Gomes, ; Titon et al, ), increases body fluid concentration (hematocrit, hemoglobin content, plasma osmolarity, and urea concentration; Anderson, Bovo, Eismann, Menegario, & Andrade, ; Degani, Silanikove, & Shkolnik, , Jørgensen, ; Lillywhite, ; Ruibal 1962; Ruibal, Tevis, & Roig, ; Shoemaker, ; Shoemaker & Nagy, ; Shoemaker, McClanahan, & Ruibal, ), and decreases the mass of visceral organs the rates of evaporative water loss (Anderson et al, ). However, to date there are few studies showing the relationship of dehydration with GCs levels anurans.…”

“…An elevation of GC plasma levels has been previously documented in response to dehydration for other tetrapods with a large interspecific variation. Rats, birds, and lizards, for example, showed an increase in GCs when exposed to dehydration stress (Arnhold, Degani, Silanikove, & Shkolnik, 1984, Jørgensen, 1997Lillywhite, 2006;Ruibal 1962;Ruibal, Tevis, & Roig, 1969;Shoemaker, 1964;Shoemaker & Nagy, 1977;Shoemaker, McClanahan, & Ruibal, 1969), and decreases the mass of visceral organs the rates of evaporative water loss . However, to date there are few studies showing the relationship of dehydration with GCs levels anurans.…”

Salinity tolerance of the gemmules of Eunapius fragilis (Leidy) and the inhibition of germination by various salts

“…Exposure of gemmules to solutions of high osmolarity or to air brings about a loss of water from the cells . In a similar manner, the terrestrial anuran, Bufo viridis, can be adapted to 800 mOsm 20 NaCl, although it is not found in saline waters under natural conditions (Degani et al ., 1984).…”

Physiological Response of Pelophylax nigromaculatus Adults to Salinity Exposure

“…Salt tolerance and resilience, as well as dehydration resistance, can determine species differentiation and habitat use and can have important consequences for species adaptation and evolution [4,44]. Some researchers support the hypothesis that dehydration and salt tolerance may have evolved together in amphibians [45,46], because green toads ( Bufotes viridis ) found in both arid and saline environments use the same physiological mechanism to synthesize and maintain the urea to survive in both habitats [27,47]. However, other researchers believe that dehydration and salt tolerance independently evolved in amphibians, arguing that there is no significant interaction between the capacities to tolerate the dehydration and salt conditions, and that there may be no genetic association between them [48].…”

Dehydration as a stressor in toads (Rhinella ornata)

“…Rats, birds, and lizards, for example, showed an increase in GCs when exposed to dehydration stress (Arnhold, Wotus, & Engeland, ; Cain & Lien, ; Moeller et al, ). Previous studies have shown that dehydration affects amphibian locomotor performance and thermal tolerance (Anderson & Andrade, ; Titon & Gomes, ; Titon et al, ), increases body fluid concentration (hematocrit, hemoglobin content, plasma osmolarity, and urea concentration; Anderson, Bovo, Eismann, Menegario, & Andrade, ; Degani, Silanikove, & Shkolnik, , Jørgensen, ; Lillywhite, ; Ruibal 1962; Ruibal, Tevis, & Roig, ; Shoemaker, ; Shoemaker & Nagy, ; Shoemaker, McClanahan, & Ruibal, ), and decreases the mass of visceral organs the rates of evaporative water loss (Anderson et al, ). However, to date there are few studies showing the relationship of dehydration with GCs levels anurans.…”

“…An elevation of GC plasma levels has been previously documented in response to dehydration for other tetrapods with a large interspecific variation. Rats, birds, and lizards, for example, showed an increase in GCs when exposed to dehydration stress (Arnhold, Degani, Silanikove, & Shkolnik, 1984, Jørgensen, 1997Lillywhite, 2006;Ruibal 1962;Ruibal, Tevis, & Roig, 1969;Shoemaker, 1964;Shoemaker & Nagy, 1977;Shoemaker, McClanahan, & Ruibal, 1969), and decreases the mass of visceral organs the rates of evaporative water loss . However, to date there are few studies showing the relationship of dehydration with GCs levels anurans.…”