Acute toxicity of benzoic acids to the crustacean Daphnia magna

Toxicity and quantitative structure–activity relationships of benzoic acids to Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

“…The effects of benzoic acids on bacteria, ciliate, daphnids, and fish have been reported by previous researchers [5][6][7][8]. Muccini et al [7] and Zhao et al [5,6] demonstrated that ionization is an important factor governing the toxicity of benzoic acids and the unionized form of these weak acids is thought to be generally more toxic than the ionized analogue.…”

“…They explained the difference by the general concept that the ortho-halogenated benzoic acids having lower pKa values are more ionized, and therefore less toxic than meta-and/or para-substituted ones. Kamaya et al [8] indicated that ortho-hydroxylated benzoic acids displayed higher toxicity than the meta-and/or para-hydroxylated ones, pointing out that the hydroxybenzoate derivatives behaved differently from the halobenzoates. On the other hand, toxicity data describing the effects of benzoic acids on algae are very rare.…”

Discrimination of excess toxicity from narcotic effect: Influence of species sensitivity and bioconcentration on the classification of modes of action

“…The toxicity data to D. magna for 757 compounds were collected from the Japan database CHRIP and references (Pedersen and Petersen, 1996;Genoni, 1997;Seymour et al, 1997;Jin et al, 1998;Peng and Roberts, 2000;Abe et al, 2001;Kamaya et al, 2005;Papa et al, 2005;von der Ohe et al, 2005;Frank et al, 2010). The toxicity values were reported either as LC 50 (50% lethal concentration in 48-h) or EC 50 (50% effective concentration in 48-h).…”

Acute toxicity of parabens and their chlorinated by‐products with Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri bioassays

“…The frequently used parabens, methyl-, ethyl-and n-propylparaben, are toxic and show 48 h median effective concentration (EC 50 ) values ranging from 11 to 50 mg l −1 in the Daphnia magna acute immobilization test and 72 h EC 50 values ranging from 15 to 91 mg l −1 in the green alga (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) growth inhibition test (Madsen, 2001). By using the D. magna acute immobilization test, Kamaya et al have studied the acute toxicity of several benzoic acids whose hydroxyl groups had been replaced (Kamaya et al, 2005). In the literature, methylparaben has been reported to be toxic, with a 48 h EC 50 value of 41 mg l −1…”