Acute skin toxicity reactions in man—tests and mechanisms

Use of Human Skin Recombinants as an in vitro Model for Testing the Irritation Potential of Cutaneous Irritants

“…There it can modulate a great variety of cellular func tions, such as changing cell membrane integri ty [23], affecting cell proliferation and differ entiation, modulating the activity of a variety of enzymes [24,25] and inducing a release of various mediators [26][27][28]. The release of cy tokines and eicosanoids has been proposed to be the critical signal in the cascade of events leading to skin irritation [29][30][31][32], The cul tured human keratinocytes have also been reported to respond to external stimuli by an enhanced release of various interleukines [33], such as of IL-1 [34][35][36][37][38], IL-6 [39][40][41] and IL-8 [28] and of arachidonic acid metabolite (PGE2) [36,37,42], Depending on the severi ty of the damage induced by a topical irritant, the response within the tissue can range from the release of mediators to cell death.…”

Use of Human Skin Recombinants as an in vitro Model for Testing the Irritation Potential of Cutaneous Irritants

“…There it can modulate a great variety of cellular func tions, such as changing cell membrane integri ty [23], affecting cell proliferation and differ entiation, modulating the activity of a variety of enzymes [24,25] and inducing a release of various mediators [26][27][28]. The release of cy tokines and eicosanoids has been proposed to be the critical signal in the cascade of events leading to skin irritation [29][30][31][32], The cul tured human keratinocytes have also been reported to respond to external stimuli by an enhanced release of various interleukines [33], such as of IL-1 [34][35][36][37][38], IL-6 [39][40][41] and IL-8 [28] and of arachidonic acid metabolite (PGE2) [36,37,42], Depending on the severi ty of the damage induced by a topical irritant, the response within the tissue can range from the release of mediators to cell death.…”

Comparative Study of Molecular Mechanisms of Skin Irritation After Acute Exposure to m-XYLENE in Rats and Guinea Pigs

“…ii Burg, 1982;Marks and Kingston, 1985;McCartney, 1996). Contact dermatitis is responsible for major loss of working hours.…”

“…The first change seen in the skin after chemical exposure is erythema and slight edema, which result from cellular damage (Marks and Kingston, 1985). Irritant and sensitizing agents perturb the skin membrane integrity and trigger a cutaneous response by inducing cellular production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.…”

Inflammatory damage to skin by prolonged contact with 1,2-dichlorobenzene and chloropentafluorobenzene

“…According to Emmett (1986), skin disease is the most frequently reported occupational disease. Often, the first changes seen in the skin after chemical exposure are erythema and slight edema which result from cellular damage (Marks and Kingston, 1985). This damage results when the chemical penetrates the nonliving stratum corneum and comes in contact with the living cells in the viable epidermis and the dermis.…”

Use of Human Skin Recombinants as an in vitro Model for Testing the Irritation Potential of Cutaneous Irritants

“…There it can modulate a great variety of cellular func tions, such as changing cell membrane integri ty [23], affecting cell proliferation and differ entiation, modulating the activity of a variety of enzymes [24,25] and inducing a release of various mediators [26][27][28]. The release of cy tokines and eicosanoids has been proposed to be the critical signal in the cascade of events leading to skin irritation [29][30][31][32], The cul tured human keratinocytes have also been reported to respond to external stimuli by an enhanced release of various interleukines [33], such as of IL-1 [34][35][36][37][38], IL-6 [39][40][41] and IL-8 [28] and of arachidonic acid metabolite (PGE2) [36,37,42], Depending on the severi ty of the damage induced by a topical irritant, the response within the tissue can range from the release of mediators to cell death.…”

Comparative Study of Molecular Mechanisms of Skin Irritation After Acute Exposure to m-XYLENE in Rats and Guinea Pigs

“…ii Burg, 1982;Marks and Kingston, 1985;McCartney, 1996). Contact dermatitis is responsible for major loss of working hours.…”

“…The first change seen in the skin after chemical exposure is erythema and slight edema, which result from cellular damage (Marks and Kingston, 1985). Irritant and sensitizing agents perturb the skin membrane integrity and trigger a cutaneous response by inducing cellular production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.…”

Inflammatory damage to skin by prolonged contact with 1,2-dichlorobenzene and chloropentafluorobenzene

“…According to Emmett (1986), skin disease is the most frequently reported occupational disease. Often, the first changes seen in the skin after chemical exposure are erythema and slight edema which result from cellular damage (Marks and Kingston, 1985). This damage results when the chemical penetrates the nonliving stratum corneum and comes in contact with the living cells in the viable epidermis and the dermis.…”

Use of Human Skin Recombinants as an in vitro Model for Testing the Irritation Potential of Cutaneous Irritants

“…There it can modulate a great variety of cellular func tions, such as changing cell membrane integri ty [23], affecting cell proliferation and differ entiation, modulating the activity of a variety of enzymes [24,25] and inducing a release of various mediators [26][27][28]. The release of cy tokines and eicosanoids has been proposed to be the critical signal in the cascade of events leading to skin irritation [29][30][31][32], The cul tured human keratinocytes have also been reported to respond to external stimuli by an enhanced release of various interleukines [33], such as of IL-1 [34][35][36][37][38], IL-6 [39][40][41] and IL-8 [28] and of arachidonic acid metabolite (PGE2) [36,37,42], Depending on the severi ty of the damage induced by a topical irritant, the response within the tissue can range from the release of mediators to cell death.…”

Comparative Study of Molecular Mechanisms of Skin Irritation After Acute Exposure to m-XYLENE in Rats and Guinea Pigs

“…ii Burg, 1982;Marks and Kingston, 1985;McCartney, 1996). Contact dermatitis is responsible for major loss of working hours.…”

“…The first change seen in the skin after chemical exposure is erythema and slight edema, which result from cellular damage (Marks and Kingston, 1985). Irritant and sensitizing agents perturb the skin membrane integrity and trigger a cutaneous response by inducing cellular production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.…”

Inflammatory damage to skin by prolonged contact with 1,2-dichlorobenzene and chloropentafluorobenzene

“…According to Emmett (1986), skin disease is the most frequently reported occupational disease. Often, the first changes seen in the skin after chemical exposure are erythema and slight edema which result from cellular damage (Marks and Kingston, 1985). This damage results when the chemical penetrates the nonliving stratum corneum and comes in contact with the living cells in the viable epidermis and the dermis.…”