Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis in Children – A Review

Abstract

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is characterized by abrupt onset of hematuria, edema, hypertension, oliguria and impaired renal function following streptococcal group A â hemolytic streptococcal throat and skin infection. There is a declining incidence of APSGN worldwide, particularly in industrialized nations because of easier and earlier access to competent medical treatment of streptococcal infections and the widespread use of fluorination of water since virulence factors in streptococcus pyogens are reduced with fluoride exposure. But in the underdeveloped world, global burden of APSGN continues to be significant with lower estimate of 9.3 to 9.8 cases per 1,00,000 population per year to higher estimates as high as three times these values. Furthermore, clusters of cases are more frequently reported in poor communities in industrialized countries while epidemics of more than 100 cases are reported in the middle ranger countries with mean annual health expenditure per capita of about 550 US dollars. APSGN typically follows 1to2 weeks after pharyngeal infection and 2 to 4 weeks after skin infection by nephritogenic strains of group A â hemolytic streptococcus in a range of 5 – 15 years of age. Subclinical cases are 4 – 10 times higher than symptomatic patients. The acute phase generally resolves within 4-8 weeks but microscopic hematuria may persist for 1-2 yr after the initial presentation. Acute complications of symptomatic patients are hypertensive heart failure, encephalopathy and retinopathy. There can be acute renal failure and rarely rapidly progressive ( crescentic) glomerulonephritis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia and acidosis. Treatment is directed towards reduction of hypertension, but prompt address of complications are essential to avoid immediate mortality. Heart failure is treated with diuretic and anti-hypertensive, digoxin is ineffective. Hypertensive encephalopathy is treated by I.V phenobarbitone for convulsion, supportive measures for unconsciousness and blood pressure control. Acute renal failure is managed by supportive measures, rarely requires dialysis. Short and long term prognosis is excellent, with1% mortality during acute stage and 1% ending up with chronic kidney disease, but in higher age group abnormal urinalysis are present in higher number of patients. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v38i1.20025 Bangladesh J Child Health 2014; VOL 38 (1) : 32-39

Factors associated with treatment outcome of acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis among patients less than 18 years in Mekelle City, Public Hospitals, North Ethiopia

“…Prognosis of APSGN is generally good; especially PSGN in children has a good outcome [ 5 ]. APSGN is principally diseases of poverty, because overcrowding and poor hygiene are prevailing which are the significant causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries with low socioeconomic status [ 6 ].…”

A rare adult case of poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis with a retropharyngeal abscess

“…As far as we searched, there are no reports about relations among these clinical features and the sites of antecedent infection. However, early administration of an antibiotic is reported to prevent or ameliorate the severity of PSAGN and at least one report suggests that PSAGN patients that receive antibiotic treatment have a milder clinical course [12,16,17]. Therefore, the above-mentioned clinical features may have something to do with the severity of streptococcal infection.…”

“…The major antigens including nephritis strain-associated protein (NSAP), streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SPEB), nephritis-associated plasmin receptor (NAPlr), etc. have presently been identified as the potential causes of PSAGN [8][9][10][11][12].…”

“…However, atypical features that suggest the need for kidney biopsy include the following [12][13][14][15]:…”

Paediatrics: how to manage scabies

“…87 , 88 The monitoring and prompt management of the sequalae of severe infection, such as APSGN and ARF, requires a multidisciplinary paediatric approach in diagnosis and management and is guided by local protocols. 89 , 90 …”