Acute hepatitis B in patients with or without underlying chronic HCV infection

Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus interaction in Huh-7 cells

“…In this respect occult HBV infection, in particular, is often associated with accelerated progression of liver disease in HCV infected individuals [5]. While clinical studies have indicated that HCV dominates over HBV in co-infected individuals 0168 [6][7][8][9], it has also been reported that active replication of HBV can suppress the replication of HCV [10][11][12].…”

Phylogenetic analysis of isolates from new cases of HBV infection in Southern Italy

“…However, there are limited reports regarding the epidemiology of new cases of acute hepatitis B (Biliotti et al, 2008;Coppola et al, 2010) and characterization by molecular means has yet to be carried out.…”

“…On the contrary, there are limited studies regarding the circulation of strains in new cases of HBV infection (Biliotti et al, 2008). Over the last 20 years, the endemicity of HBV infections in Italy has shifted from an intermediate to low (<2%) as a result of improving socioeconomic standards and of the introduction of universal anti-HBV vaccination programs.…”

An Organic Nanoparticle based High Signal Amplification Immunoassay with Improvement of Nonspecific Binding

“…Some viruses, such as HCV and HIV, can duplicate in very low concentration in the host and so the early infection period diagnosis is very important in such diseases [1][2][3][4][5]. Diagnosis depends on the sensitivity of the detection method and, generally, the lower the detection limit, the shorter the window period between infection and diagnosis [4][5][6][7].…”

“…However, high signal amplification is by far not the only issue the analysts are focusing on in the immunoassays. The lower limitation of detection (LOD) which is affected by nonspecific binding and other aspects is as important as the sensitivity [1][2][3][4]12,13]. High signal amplification systems increase the analyte signal; however, they will amplify the nonspecific binding and background signals at the same time, especially in the solid-phase fluorescent immunoassays.…”