Actual Pedestrian Visibility and the Pedestrianʼs Estimate of His Own Visibility

Allen, Merrill J.; Hazlett, Richard D.; Tacker, Herman L.; Graham, Ben

doi:10.1097/00006324-197001000-00008

Cited by 50 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…Despite the fact that the drivers were expecting to encounter the dummy, the 50th and 10th percentiles for the braking distance were only 23 and 15 m (75 and 49 feet), respectively, which led the authors to conclude that the maximum safe speed at night is only 25-50 km/h (15.5-31 mph). Allen, Hazlett, Tacker, and Graham (1970) had participants ride in the passenger seat of a car traveling 48 km/h (30 mph). Passengers in the cars started stopwatches when they were first able to see the pedestrians and stopped them when they passed the pedestrians.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But low-tech inexpensive solutions are also useful. Numerous researchers have documented the value of using reflective clothing to increase the visual contrast and conspicuity of pedestrians (e.g., Allen et al, 1970;Blomberg et al, 1986;Johansson & Rumar, 1968;Luoma, Schumann, & Traube, 1996;Olson & Sivak, 1983;Owens, Antonoff, & Francis, 1994;Shinar, 1984;Wood et al, in press). The use of retroreflective material (material that is designed to reflect light back in the direction of its source) is particularly effective at increasing pedestrian visibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To our knowledge, only three studies have measured pedestriansT estimates of their own visibility to drivers at night (Allen et al, 1970;Shinar, 1984;Tyrrell, Patton, & Brooks, 2004). Both Allen et al (1970) and Shinar (1984) concluded that pedestrians dramatically overestimate their own nighttime visibility to drivers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On-road measures of pedestrians’ estimates of their own nighttime conspicuity

Tyrrell

Wood

Carberry

2004

Journal of Safety Research

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On-road measures of pedestrians’ estimates of their own nighttime conspicuity

Tyrrell

Wood

Carberry

2004

Journal of Safety Research

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“…Substantial research (e.g., Allen, Hazlett, Tacker, & Graham, 1969;Shinar, 1984) has demonstrated that pedestrians' conspicuity to drivers at night can be enhanced by the use of retroreflective material. Recent research (e.g., Balk, Tyrrell, Brooks, & Carpenter, 2008;Wood, Tyrrell, & Carberry, 2005) has focused on the conspicuity benefit of configurations that highlight biological motion (biomotion) (i.e., retroreflective markings on the wrists, elbows, shoulders, waist, knees, and ankles).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using a Video Camera-Based Method to Gather Real World High Beam Usage Data

Borzendowski

Sewall

Tyrrell

2015

Proceedings of the 8th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design: Dri

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Summary:The majority of traffic fatalities involving pedestrians occur at night and this is largely attributed to low illumination conditions. Yet, drivers tend to underuse their high beams despite the visibility benefits afforded to them. In the present study we report high beam usage rates during an open-road drive using a video camera-based method. Measurements of low and high beam headlamp illuminance were also taken for all vehicles used in this study. The results indicate that drivers, on average, used their high beams 48% of the time possible. Furthermore, there was a moderately negative relationship between low beam output and high beam use indicating that drivers whose low beams produced less illumination tended to use their high beams more often. Future research should empirically investigate this relationship to lend further insight into the mechanism by which beam output influences beam usage. Research that improves our understanding of drivers' knowledge and use of high beams is likely to be important as headlighting technologies continue to advance.

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“…Solomon (1990) found that red fire trucks were twice as likely to be involved in crashes compared with lime-yellow fire trucks due to their improved visibility. Allen, Hazlett, Tacker and Graham (1970) found that white and yellow cars were involved in fewer crashes than cars of other colours. Colour variation has also been used to improve emergency vehicle detection and this is most evident for ambulances in many countries.…”

Section: Visual Warning Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A human factors investigation into the effectiveness of traffic incident management

Cattermole-Terzic¹

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Traffic incident management aims to maximise outcomes for road crash casualties and the safety of responders working at the scene, as well as optimising traffic flow past the incident and prompt restoration of full traffic capacity. Apart from improving road crash casualty outcomes, traffic incident management is also an important aspect of road safety because 14%-18% of all traffic incidents are secondary incidents occurring subsequent to a primary incident.Despite this, traffic incident management is relatively unexplored in research terms. The overall objective of this thesis was, therefore, to use an explorative approach to identify ways to improve traffic incident management.The first study aimed to better understand the primary safety concerns of responders at incidents. The study used interviews, focus groups, observations and surveys to explore operator perceptions of the safety and performance of their work environment. Results indicated that there were non-optimal technical issues at incidents for both responders and motorists. Non-technical issues in the work environment were also apparent and overall, responder perceptions of safety at traffic incidents was low. The findings from the first study guided further investigation of safety and performance issues at traffic incidents.In study two, a survey of 720 emergency responders was conducted to better understand the types of issues within traffic incident precincts. Technical issues identified through the survey were agency specific. Non-technical issues were consistent across all agencies and included poor inter-agency communication and poor understanding of the priorities and requirements of other agencies at incidents. The uniformity of non-technical issues across all agencies in study two directed the focus of the subsequent studies and also identified Naturalistic Decision Making as the most appropriate theory on which to base the remainder of the thesis.In the third study, the Critical Decision Method, decision ladder template and the Recognition-Primed Decision model were used to extract and map decisions made at incidents. The objectives of this study were to firstly extend these human factors tools into the traffic incident management domain; secondly, to identify system issues in the work environment; and thirdly to identify possible solutions to any identified system issues. The study identified that the Critical Decision Method was an effective knowledge elicitation tool for the analysis of responder decisions at traffic incidents, and that both the decision ladder 3 template and Recognition-Primed Decision model effectively identified system issues and corresponding solutions. Key issues identified at the scene related to inadequate technology, training and processes. The key recommendations to improve traffic incident management safety and performance included a requirement to develop an incident communication ability for all responders at the scene of large incidents, developing policies to support novice responders at their fir...

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Actual Pedestrian Visibility and the Pedestrianʼs Estimate of His Own Visibility

Cited by 50 publications

References 0 publications

On-road measures of pedestrians’ estimates of their own nighttime conspicuity

On-road measures of pedestrians’ estimates of their own nighttime conspicuity

Using a Video Camera-Based Method to Gather Real World High Beam Usage Data

A human factors investigation into the effectiveness of traffic incident management

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