“…2,7,8 In addition to M-CSF and RANKL, various cytokines and hormones have been shown to play roles in the differentiation of pluripotent osteoclast progenitors into mature multinucleated osteoclasts, 5,9 such as interleukin-1b (IL-1b), 10 interleukin-6 (IL-6), 11 interleukin-11, 12 transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b), 13 1a, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3, 14 glucocorticoids, 5 and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a). 12,[15][16][17] The pleiotropic cytokine TNF-a has been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoclastogenesis via the activation of TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1). 15,18,19 Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) is a member of the TNF receptor superfamily and has been shown to be the decoy receptor for Fas ligand (FasL), 20 LIGHT, 21 and TL1A.…”