Activated Carbons and Their Evaluation in Electric Double Layer Capacitors

Abstract

This review presents a summary of the manufacturing of activated carbons (ACs) as electrode materials for electric double layer capacitors. Commonly used techniques of open and closed porosity determination (gas adsorption, immersion calorimetry, X-ray and neutrons scattering) were briefly described. AC production methods (laboratory and industrial) were detailed presented with the stress on advantages and drawbacks of each ones in the field of electrode materials of supercapacitor. We discussed all general parameters of the activation process and their influence on the production efficiency and the porous structure of ACs. We showed that porosity development of ACs is not the only factor influencing capacity properties. The role of pore size distribution, raw material origin, final carbon structure ordering, particles morphology and purity must be also taken into account. The impact of surface chemistry of AC was considered not only in the context of pseudocapacity but also other important factors, such as inter-particle conductivity, maximal operating voltage window and long-term stability.

Application of Octanohydroxamic Acid for Salting out Liquid–Liquid Extraction of Materials for Energy Storage in Supercapacitors

“…Supercapacitors are currently under development for various energy storage applications [ 1 , 2 ]. Investigations in this research area are focused on the synthesis of advanced electrode materials by different fabrication methods [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ], optimization of electrolytes [ 9 ], design of nanocomposites [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ], and modeling [ 14 ]. The synthesis of non-agglomerated particles of controlled shape and composition is of particular importance for supercapacitor technology [ 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”

Activated Carbon from Various Agricultural Wastes by H3PO4 Activation: Preparation and Characterization

“…This implies that lignocellulosic material with higher lignin content gives higher carbon yields. Therefore, the composition of the lignocellulosic material influences the product yield, which is related to the different reactivities/thermal stabilities of polymer components during carbonization 26.…”

Preparation of N/O-codoped quinoline pitch-based porous carbons for high-quality supercapacitor electrodes

“…3,5,[7][8][9][10] Porous carbons are deemed as a promising electrode material owing to their ultrahigh surface area, well-developed nanopore structure as well as the inherent advantages of carbon materials themselves, such as outstanding thermal and chemical inertness, good electrical conductivity and being rich in sources. 11,12 To date, the reported methods of preparing porous carbons mainly include traditional physical and chemical activation methods, 13,14 hard and soft templating approaches 15,16 and their combination methods, 17 besides some special methods, like molten salt carbonization, 18 sol-gel synthesis, 19 hydrothermal preparation, 20 self-assembly, 21 and explosion-assisted strategies. 22 Importantly, it has gradually been recognized that the various sizes of pores in porous carbon have different functions.…”