Acromegaly in dogs and cats

Gouvêa, Fernanda Nastri; Pennacchi, Caio Santos; Assaf, Najla Doutel; Branco, Luana de Oliveira; Costa, Paula Barbosa; Reis, Patrícia Alves; Borin-Crivellenti, Sofia

doi:10.1016/j.ando.2021.03.002

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…These neoplasms can be hormonally silent or functional. Functional tumors might lead to endocrine disorders, such as pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism, acromegaly, increased prolactin production, or the tumors can be plurihormonal 23,38‐41 . Furthermore, neoplastic tissue can lead to destruction of normal gland parenchyma and cause endocrinopathies associated with pituitary insufficiency, such as hypothyroidism or hypoadrenocorticism 42,43 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Functional tumors might lead to endocrine disorders, such as pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism, acromegaly, increased prolactin production, or the tumors can be plurihormonal. 23 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 Furthermore, neoplastic tissue can lead to destruction of normal gland parenchyma and cause endocrinopathies associated with pituitary insufficiency, such as hypothyroidism or hypoadrenocorticism. 42 , 43 In our study, 62% of dogs with pituitary apoplexy had a concurrent endocrinopathy or signs consistent with an endocrine disorder (although 6 dogs [23%] were diagnosed with hypothyroidism, most of which were likely primary lymphocytic thyroiditis).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Presumed pituitary apoplexy in 26 dogs: Clinical findings, treatments, and outcomes

Woelfel

Mariani

Nolan

et al. 2023

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: Pituitary apoplexy refers to hemorrhage or infarction within the pituitary gland resulting in acute neurological abnormalities. This condition is poorly described in dogs.Objectives: To document presenting complaints, examination findings, endocrinopathies, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), treatments, and outcomes of dogs with pituitary apoplexy.Animals: Twenty-six client-owned dogs with acute onset of neurological dysfunction.Methods: Retrospective case series. Dogs were diagnosed with pituitary apoplexy if MRI or histopathology documented an intrasellar or suprasellar mass with evidence of hemorrhage or infarction in conjunction with acute neurological dysfunction. Clinical information was obtained from medical records and imaging reports.Results: Common presenting complaints included altered mentation (16/26, 62%) and gastrointestinal dysfunction (14/26, 54%). Gait or posture changes (22/26, 85%), mentation changes (18/26, 69%), cranial neuropathies (17/26, 65%), cervical or head hyperpathia (12/26, 46%), and hyperthermia (8/26, 31%) were the most frequent exam findings. Ten dogs (38%) lacked evidence of an endocrinopathy before presentation. Common MRI findings included T1-weighted hypo-to isointensity of the hemorrhagic lesion (21/25, 84%), peripheral enhancement of the pituitary mass lesion (15/25, 60%), brain herniation (14/25, 56%), and obstructive hydrocephalus (13/25, 52%). Fifteen dogs (58%) survived to hospital discharge. Seven of these dogs received medical management alone (median survival 143 days; range, 7-641 days) and 8 received medications and radiation therapy (median survival 973 days; range, 41-1719 days).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presumed pituitary apoplexy in 26 dogs: Clinical findings, treatments, and outcomes

Woelfel

Mariani

Nolan

et al. 2023

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…However, some mammary GH can be secreted into the blood and exert endocrine effects [ 49 , 50 ]. Endometrial hyperplastic changes [ 51 ], insulin resistance [ 52 ], and eventually overt acromegaly are some of the P4-induced GH effects [ 50 , 53 ]. Pituitary and gonadal hormone fluctuations during the canine estrus cycle are represented in Figure 1 , as well as described GH variation during diestrus.…”

Section: Canine Estrus Cycle: the Progesterone Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clinical evaluation can eventually reveal acromegalic features such as increased skin folding and increased interdental space, macroglossia, and respiratory stridor, as well as mammary masses ( Figure 4 and Figure 5 ) [ 53 , 78 ]. GH overproduction was also demonstrated in neoplastic mammary glands, and after malignant transformation, GH production by altered mammary tissue can turn P4-independent [ 75 , 125 , 126 ].…”

Section: How To Best Manage Progesterone-related Diabetes Mellitus?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Progesterone-Related Diabetes Mellitus in the Bitch: Current Knowledge, the Role of Pyometra, and Relevance in Practice

Pöppl,

Lopes,

Nogueira

et al. 2024

Animals

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Progesterone-related diabetes mellitus (PRDM) in dogs is known for its particular potential for diabetes remission. This narrative review aims to provide relevant detailed information on (1) the canine estrus cycle and its impact on canine diabetes mellitus (CDM) etiology and management, (2) the role of pyometra as a further cause of insulin resistance, and (3) useful individual therapeutic and preventive strategies. PRDM is recognized due to diestrus, exogenous progestogen exposure, pregnancy, and P4-production ovarian dysfunction. Pyometra represents additional inflammatory and septic negative influence on insulin sensitivity, and its diagnosis associated with CDM is therapeutically challenging. The estrus cycle’s hormone fluctuations seem to modulate peripheric insulin sensibility by influencing insulin receptor (IR) affinity and its binding capacity, as well as modulating tyrosine kinase activity. Pyometra was shown to negatively influence IR compensatory mechanisms to insulin resistance causing glucose intolerance. Spaying and pregnancy termination may cause diabetes remission in PRDM cases in a median time of 10 days (1–51). Pharmacological annulment of progesterone effects may benefit patients unable to undergo surgery; however, remission chances are virtually null. The ALIVE (Agreeing Language in Veterinary Endocrinology) project proposed new criteria for CDM diagnoses and subclinical diabetes recognition. These new concepts may increase the frequency of a PRDM diagnosis and, even more, its relevance. Spaying represents a preventive measure against pyometra and PRDM that should be individually assessed in light of its recognized benefits and harms.

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“…Acromegaly or hypersomatotropism (HS), the condition of growth hormone (GH) excess, might result in morphologic changes and a state of insulin‐resistant diabetes mellitus (DM) 1 . Acromegaly as a result of a GH‐producing pituitary somatotroph adenoma is rare in dogs, with few reports of successful treatment 2‐4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy for the treatment of hypersomatotropism secondary to a pituitary somatotroph adenoma in a dog

Steele,

Lawson,

Scudder

et al. 2023

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Pituitary‐dependent hypersomatotropism is rarely diagnosed in dogs and surgical treatment is not reported. A 6‐year‐10‐month male neutered Patterdale Terrier presented with polyuria, polydipsia, progressive pharyngeal stertor, excessive hair growth and widened facial features and paws. Serum insulin‐like growth factor‐1 concentration via radioimmunoassay was consistent with hypersomatotropism (1783 ng/mL). A pituitary mass was identified on magnetic resonance and computed tomography imaging. Six weeks later, glucosuria, starved hyperglycemia and serum fructosamine above the reference range (467.6 μmol/L, RI 177‐314) were documented, consistent with diabetes mellitus. Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy was performed under general anesthesia without complications. Pituitary histopathology identified an acidophil neoplasm, with positive immunostaining for growth hormone. Postoperatively, there was rapid resolution of clinical, biochemical and morphologic changes of hypersomatotropism with persistence of diabetes mellitus. This case demonstrates successful resolution of hypersomatotropism with ongoing diabetes mellitus in a dog after surgical treatment by transsphenoidal hypophysectomy.

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Acromegaly in dogs and cats

Cited by 4 publications

References 27 publications

Presumed pituitary apoplexy in 26 dogs: Clinical findings, treatments, and outcomes

Presumed pituitary apoplexy in 26 dogs: Clinical findings, treatments, and outcomes

Progesterone-Related Diabetes Mellitus in the Bitch: Current Knowledge, the Role of Pyometra, and Relevance in Practice

Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy for the treatment of hypersomatotropism secondary to a pituitary somatotroph adenoma in a dog

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