“…Mechanisms include crack extension, 'fretting' or 'friction' of the crack surfaces, yielding ahead of the plastic zone, the fracturing of brittle inclusions, separation of ligaments by internal necking, and others. Because acoustic emission is an in-situ method of evaluation, a oneto-one correlation between received data and actual internal mechanisms is not available and Guidance and further discussion may be found in Ohira and Pao, 1986;Han et al, 2011;Huang, 1998, and Ono, 2005. Sison et al, 1996 includes a summary of the dozen earliest efforts to apply AE to steel bridges.…”