Achillea millefolium L. Essential Oil Inhibits LPS-Induced Oxidative Stress and Nitric Oxide Production in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Abstract

Achillea millefolium L. is a member of the Asteraceae family and has been used in folk medicine in many countries. In this study, 19 compounds in A. millefolium essential oil (AM-EO) have been identified; the major components are artemisia ketone (14.92%), camphor (11.64%), linalyl acetate (11.51%) and 1,8-cineole (10.15%). AM-EO can suppress the inflammatory responses of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, including decreased levels of cellular nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion production, lipid peroxidation and glutathione (GSH) concentration. This antioxidant activity is not a result of increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, but rather occurs as a result of the down-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, thus reducing the inflammatory response. Therefore, AM-EO can be utilized in many applications, including the treatment of inflammatory diseases in the future.

Equol Inhibits LPS-Induced Oxidative Stress and Enhances the Immune Response in Chicken HD11 Macrophages

“…As MDA and GSH are critical indicators of oxidative stress, these were measured in LPS-challenged macrophages to determine oxidative stress and to assess the anti-oxidative activity of equol. The results found here are consistent with others' findings that MDA contents increase with LPS induction [3,[32][33][34]. The present work demonstrates successful construction of an oxidative stress model with LPS in chicken macrophages; previous emphasis on LPS-challenged macrophages has been on immune responses.…”

“…The contents of cytokines, measured here at 24 h after LPS, were the same as those in control cells or were even lower in the case of TNFα. The contents of cytokines such as TNFα [3,45] and IL-1β [46,47] increased when oxidative stress occurred. The present results demonstrated that oxidative stress still existed at 24 h, despite the lack of increase in cytokines but their levels, and that of TLR4, were increased in the presence of equol.…”

“…Inducible nitric oxide synthase is mainly expressed in macrophages [42] and is a key enzyme that participates in inflammatory progression [3]. The expression of Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), another important enzyme of antioxidation, can be downregulated Means not sharing the same letter differ (P < 0.05) by the LSD test; the vertical bar is the SE derived from the ANOVA error mean square for n = 6 replicated wells.…”

“…Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of cell walls and the major virulence factor of gram-negative bacteria. Oxidative stress can be induced by LPS in mouse macrophages [2,3] and in rats [4].…”

Establishment of a melanogenesis regulation assay system using a fluorescent protein reporter combined with the promoters for the melanogenesis-related genes in human melanoma cells

“…The prepared cells were treated with different concentrations of theophylline, hesperetin, arbutin and rottlerin for 24 h. Subsequently, 100 L (0.5 mg/mL) of MTT solution was added to cells, which were then incubated at 37 • C for 30 min and washed twice with PBS. Finally, the cells were lysed with 100 L DMSO, and the absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically at 540 nm using an ELISA reader [21].…”