Achieving Stagnation-Free Intermittent Computation with Boundary-Free Adaptive Execution

Choi, Jongouk; Joe, Hyunwoo; Kim, Yongjoo; Jung, Chong‐Hun

doi:10.1109/rtas.2019.00035

Cited by 29 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…1 These systems require perfect energy prediction to not get corrupted. Any changes in, for example, capacitor size [19], power consumption due to peripheral use, or harvested energy, will lead to incorrect predictions and therefore corruption. e.g.…”

Section: Gaming Through Power Failuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the publication of a first framework supporting intermittently-powered devices, Mementos [109]-voltage threshold-triggered checkpoining system, more efficient checkpoint systems are being published. These include Hibernus++ [8] and QuickRecall [57] (just like Mementos, both hardware-activated chceckpoints), Chinchilla [82], Rachet [137] and HarvOS [11] (all three compiler-instrumented checkpoints), TICS (time-aware checkpoints) [68], TotalRecall (checkpoints using volatile memory) [144], Elastin (adaptive checkpoints) [19], DICE (differential checkpoints) [2,3] and WhatsNext (checkpointing augmented with approximate computing) [35]. A second class of systems include runtimes based on specially instrumented code (by form for a task) such as Dino [78], Chain [22], Alpaca [81], MayFly [45], InK [150], Coati [110], CoSpec [20] and Coala [84].…”

Section: :26 • De Winkel Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

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Battery-Free Game Boy

Winkel

Kortbeek

Hester

et al. 2020

Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol.

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We present ENGAGE, the first battery-free, personal mobile gaming device powered by energy harvested from the gamer actions and sunlight. Our design implements a power failure resilient Nintendo Game Boy emulator that can run off-the-shelf classic Game Boy games like Tetris or Super Mario Land. This emulator is capable of intermittent operation by tracking memory usage, avoiding the need for always checkpointing all volatile memory, and decouples the game loop from user interface mechanics allowing for restoration after power failure. We build custom hardware that harvests energy from gamer button presses and sunlight, and leverages a mixed volatility memory architecture for efficient intermittent emulation of game binaries. Beyond a fun toy, our design represents the first battery-free system design for continuous user attention despite frequent power failures caused by intermittent energy harvesting. We tackle key challenges in intermittent computing for interaction including seamless displays and dynamic incentive-based gameplay for energy harvesting. This work provides a reference implementation and framework for a future of battery-free mobile gaming in a more sustainable Internet of Things. CCS Concepts: • Human-centered computing → Handheld game consoles; • Hardware → Renewable energy; • Computer systems organization → Embedded systems;

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Section: Gaming Through Power Failuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: :26 • De Winkel Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Battery-Free Game Boy

Winkel

Kortbeek

Hester

et al. 2020

Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Lastly, in an approach closer to compilerdirected approaches than to other hardware-directed approaches, Clank [13] inserts in-hardware idempotence monitors in the memory hierarchy to better identify idempotence violations (compared to Ratchet) and to buffer idempotencebreaking writes to maximally delay checkpoints. Elastin [3] extends on the idea of Clank, but at page granularity, which is used by more complex systems.…”

Section: 22mentioning

confidence: 99%

Forget Failure

Williams

Jian

Hicks

2020

Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Syste

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Energy harvesting is a promising solution to power billions of ultra-low-power Internet-of-Things devices to enable ubiquitous computing. However, energy harvesters typically output tiny amounts of energy and, therefore, cannot continuously power devices; this leads to intermittent computing, where the energy harvester periodically charges a capacitor to sufficient voltage to power brief computation, until the capacitor's charge is drained, and the cycle repeats. To retain program state across frequent power failures, prior work proposes checkpointing program state to Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) before a power failure. Unfortunately, the most widely deployed, highest performance, and lowest cost devices employ Flash as their NVM, but the power, time, and endurance limitations of Flash writes are incompatible with the frequent NVM checkpoints of intermittent computation.The multi-year data retention of Flash is overkill for retaining program state across intermittent computing's short power-off times (e.g., <1s). We observe that even after computation stops due to low voltage, charge remains in the system; this remaining charge keeps the voltage high enough to maintain data in SRAM-effectively making it a NVM-for 10's of minutes post-power loss. This paper explores how to leverage SRAM's data remanence to boost common-case performance and energy efficiency for Flash-based intermittent computation systems. We propose TotalRecall, a library-level, in-situ, checkpointing technique that retains program state in SRAM and identifies when SRAM acts as a NVM, falling back to conventional NVM checkpoints in the rare event of long off times. Our evaluation, on real hardware, using benchmarks from Texas Instruments, shows that TotalRecall incurs overheads as low as 0.8%-up to over 350x faster than checkpointing to Flash.

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“…However, due to the batteryless nature, energy harvesting systems suffer unpredictable frequent power failure and thus require some form of crash consistency which must be lightweight; otherwise checkpointing/restoring consistent program states across the failure can limit forward progress by consuming hard-won energy. Thus, existing systems [3,11,12,21,22,50,70] have been designed with byte-addressable non-volatile memory (NVM), where data are immediately persisted and thus recoverable at the cost of long latency. While volatile write-back caches can hide the store latency and improve performance with a load hit exploiting data locality, they have been assumed to be not viable or at least challenging in energy harvesting systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ReplayCache: Enabling Volatile Cachesfor Energy Harvesting Systems

Zeng

Choi

et al. 2021

MICRO-54: 54th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture

Self Cite

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Energy harvesting systems have shown their unique benefit of ultra-long operation time without maintenance and are expected to be more prevalent in the era of Internet of Things. However, due to the batteryless nature, they suffer unpredictable frequent power outages. They thus require a lightweight mechanism for crash consistency since saving/restoring checkpoints across the outages can limit forward progress by consuming hard-won energy. For the reason, energy harvesting systems have been designed with a non-volatile memory (NVM) only. The use of a volatile data cache has been assumed to be not viable or at least challenging due to the difficulty to ensure cacheline persistence.In this paper, we propose ReplayCache, a software-only crash consistency scheme that enables commodity energy harvesting systems to exploit a volatile data cache. ReplayCache does not have to ensure the persistence of dirty cachelines or record their logs at run time. Instead, ReplayCache recovery runtime re-executes the potentially unpersisted stores in the wake of power failure to restore the consistent NVM state, from which interrupted program can safely resume. To support store replay during recovery, ReplayCache partitions program into a series of regions in a way that store operand registers remain intact within each region, and checkpoints all registers just before power failure using the crash consistency mechanism of the commodity systems. For performance, ReplayCache enables region-level persistence that allows the stores in a region to be asynchronously persisted until the region ends, exploiting ILP. The evaluation with 23 benchmark applications show that compared to the baseline with no caches, ReplayCache can achieve about 10.72x and 8.5x-8.9x speedup (on geometric mean) for the scenarios without and with power outages, respectively.

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Achieving Stagnation-Free Intermittent Computation with Boundary-Free Adaptive Execution

Cited by 29 publications

References 53 publications

Battery-Free Game Boy

Battery-Free Game Boy

Forget Failure

ReplayCache: Enabling Volatile Cachesfor Energy Harvesting Systems

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