Acanthamoeba Species in Tap Water, Egypt

Al‐Herrawy, Ahmad Z.; Marouf, Mohamed A.; Gad, Mahmoud

doi:10.25258/ijpcr.v9i1.8259

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This is comparable with another study from Saudi Arabia [21] and Brazil and they reported 20% [10]. However, reports from Egypt and Poland showed a high prevalence in swimming pool water samples [1,11]. The major variation observed in different studies appears due to Acanthamoeba contamination introduced into water in soil by humans and improper maintenance and disinfection protocol in swimming pools.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…This is very similar to the report by Winck et al [14] and they found that 9.5% from the tap water sources in Brazil. Indeed, some studies reported that higher occurrences of 26.9% in the UK [20], 29.9% in Egypt [12], 92% in drinking water samples from various sources collected from the Karachi city, Pakistan [3]. This showed that Saudi Arabia is providing good water facility throughout the Al Zulfi city.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Isolation, identification of pathogenic Acanthamoeba from drinking and recreational water sources in Saudi Arabia

Vijayakumar¹

2018

J Adv Vet Anim Res

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Objective: The present study was conducted to isolate and identify the Acanthamoeba species from various water sources such as drinking water, tap water, swimming pool, and other recreational water. Materials and methods: During the study period, 57 water samples were collected from various sources such as tap water, drinking water, swimming pool, and recreational water. All samples were processed and cultured on non-nutrient agar medium (NNA) with Escherichia coli overlay for the isolation of Acanthamoeba species. Organism identified based on the microscopic morphology of cyst and trophozoites forms. The pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba was analyzed by thermotolerance and osmotolerance assays. Results: Acanthamoeba were detected in 10 out of 57 (17.5%) examined water samples. The high percentage of positivity was observed in bore well water stored in tanks (37.5%) and in recreational water samples (26.7%). All processed drinking water samples were free from Acanthamoeba . Based on pathogenicity test assays, four (40%) were pathogenic and three (30%) were non-pathogenic. The observed frequency of Acanthamoeba spp. was compared with available literature worldwide. Conclusion: This study is the first report showing the distribution of Acanthamoeba in various water sources in the central region of Saudi Arabia and confirms that the high percentage presence of pathogenic strains in recreational water could threat contact lens wearers. Further research works are required to identify the prevalence of pathogenic Acanthamoeba from various water sources in Saudi Arabia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation, identification of pathogenic Acanthamoeba from drinking and recreational water sources in Saudi Arabia

Vijayakumar¹

2018

J Adv Vet Anim Res

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“…Several studies conducted previously in Egypt, reported that 80%, 58.6%, 56.3%, 31.4%, 67.7% and 29.2% of water samples were positive for Acanthamoeba spp. in Beni-Suef governorate, Nile Delta governorates, Giza governorate, Cairo governorate and Faiyum governorate, respectively (Abd El Wahab et al, 2018;Al-Herrawy et al, 2017;Morsy et al, 2016;Tawfeek et al, 2016;Sakran et al, 2017;Gad and Al-Herrawy, 2016). Globally, Acanthamoeba spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotyping and interaction-reality of Acanthamoeba, enteric adenovirus and rotavirus in drinking water, Egypt.

Gad¹,

Allayeh²,

Elmahdy³

et al. 2019

Egypt. J. of Aquatic Biolo. and Fish.

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Access to safe water is essential to life and public health of human. Nearly, 884 million people about one-sixth of the world's populations are consuming contaminated water. In this study, the occurrence and the molecular characterization of enteric viruses particularly; enteric adenovirus, rotavirus and free-living protozoan Acanthamoeba spp. were determined in 180 tap water samples collected from five Egyptian governorates during December 2016 to November 2017. Moreover, we aimed to verify whether these isolated Acanthamoeba spp. could play a role in transmission of enteric adenovirus and rotavirus. Multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR, PCR and sequencing were used to detect and genotype rotavirus, enteric adenovirus and Acanthamoeba. Based on the sequence analysis of the Diagnostic Fragment 3 (DF3) of small subunit rRNA gene, Acanthamoeba isolates were genotyped. The present study showed that 26.7% (48/180) of tap water samples were positive for Acanthamoeba spp. The highest occurrence rate of Acanthamoeba (36.1%) was detected in tap water samples collected from Faiyum governorate. On the other hand, viral genomes were detected in 44 samples. Rotavirus and enteric adenovirus were observed in 15.6% (28/180) and 8.9% (16/180) of samples, respectively. Qalyubia and Faiyum governorates showed high level of viral contamination up to 50% (18/36) and 47.2% (17/36), respectively. Winter was the peak season for viral and Acanthamoeba contamination in tap water. Mixed contamination between at least one virus and Acanthamoeba was observed. Acanthamoeba lenticulata, Acanthamoeba T4, rotavirus G1P [8], and human enteric adenovirus 41 were the most predominant types identified during this work. The prevalence of pathogenic Acanthamoeba genotypes, especially genotype T4 and enteric viruses (rotavirus and adenovirus) in the examined tap water samples presented health hazards to consumers.

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“…In a recent study conducted in Greater Cairo, Egypt by Al-Herrawy et al (2017), it was clear that intestinal microsporidia prevailed in 8.8% of citizens and the presence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi was higher than Encephalitozoon intestinalis in the tested human stool samples. Stool of those infected persons, in addition to feces of infected animals and birds (Gad, 2010;Al-Herrawy and Gad, 2016), might be indirectly a source of contamination of surface Nile water which is the main supply of drinking water in that province.…”

Section: Figure 1: Occurrence Of Protozoan Parasites In Raw Watermentioning

confidence: 92%

Use of microscopic and molecular techniques to assess removal of parasitic protozoa via conventional and compact drinking water treatment processes

Gad¹,

Saleh²,

Morsy³

et al. 2019

Egypt. J. of Aquatic Biolo. and Fish.

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INTRODUCTIONProtozoa include a diverse collection of parasites consisting of single cell; some of them are controversial for the water industry. Intestinal parasitic protozoa can easily get access to water supplies and thus caused plentiful water-related outbreaks. Moreover, these protozoan parasites are invulnerable to deactivation by chemical germicides applied in drinking water treatment. These parasites generally result in dysentery gastroenteritis of varying intensity, although more serious sequels ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACTArticle History:

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Acanthamoeba Species in Tap Water, Egypt

Cited by 8 publications

References 15 publications

Isolation, identification of pathogenic Acanthamoeba from drinking and recreational water sources in Saudi Arabia

Isolation, identification of pathogenic Acanthamoeba from drinking and recreational water sources in Saudi Arabia

Genotyping and interaction-reality of Acanthamoeba, enteric adenovirus and rotavirus in drinking water, Egypt.

Use of microscopic and molecular techniques to assess removal of parasitic protozoa via conventional and compact drinking water treatment processes

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