A universal all-solid synthesis for high throughput production of halide perovskite

Abstract

Halide perovskites show ubiquitous presences in growing fields at both fundamental and applied levels. Discovery, investigation, and application of innovative perovskites are heavily dependent on the synthetic methodology in terms of time-/yield-/effort-/energy- efficiency. Conventional wet chemistry method provides the easiness for growing thin film samples, but represents as an inefficient way for bulk crystal synthesis. To overcome these, here we report a universal solid state-based route for synthesizing high-quality perovskites, by means of simultaneously applying both electric and mechanical stress fields during the synthesis, i.e., the electrical and mechanical field-assisted sintering technique. We employ various perovskite compositions and arbitrary geometric designs for demonstration in this report, and establish such synthetic route with uniqueness of ultrahigh yield, fast processing and solvent-free nature, along with bulk products of exceptional quality approaching to single crystals. We exemplify the applications of the as-synthesized perovskites in photodetection and thermoelectric as well as other potentials to open extra chapters for future technical development.

Halide perovskites and high-pressure technologies: a fruitful encounter

“…Besides, perovskites with various compositions could be synthesized via this method, such as MASnI 3 , MAPbCl 3 and bi-layer junctions of MAPbCl 3 -FASnI 3 . 88 In summary, high pressure could reshape the crystal morphology, make the films flat, and assist in synthesizing mild- condition-unstable perovskites. With pressure up to 11 GPa, halide perovskite nanodots and nanorods could be converted to nanoplates or nanoslices, which show enhanced PL intensity and stability.…”

“…Besides, perovskites with various compositions could be synthesized via this method, such as MASnI 3 , MAPbCl 3 and bi-layer junctions of MAPbCl 3 –FASnI 3 . 88…”

Solvent-free synthetic protocols for halide perovskites

“…However, solution methods make the synthesis time-inefficient because of the low crystalline growth rate and yield (low-yield (10–35%) and time-consuming (0.1–10 mm 3 h −1 )). 4…”

“…However, solution methods make the synthesis time-inefficient because of the low crystalline growth rate and yield (low-yield (10-35%) and time-consuming (0.1-10 mm 3 h −1 )). 4 The solution-processed methods for perovskite mainly involve two approaches, one-step deposition and two-step deposition. In one-step deposition, the perovskite formation process can be explained by the classical nucleation/growth crystallization mechanism, which includes three stages: supersaturation of the solution, nucleation, and crystal growth, which can be explained by the LaMer model (Fig.…”

“…42 Based on the conventional mechanochemical (ball milling) method, our group recently reported a new electrical and mechanical field-assisted sintering technique (EM-FAST, FAST for simplicity) for the preparation of high-quality perovskite. 4 The whole process was operated in an airtight chamber consisting of a mechanical loading system with a high-power electrical circuit in a controlled atmosphere (Fig. 3d).…”