A tri-functional TiO₂photoelectrode: single crystalline nanowires directly grown on nanoparticles for dye-sensitized solar cells

Advanced scanning probe lithography using anatase-to-rutile transition to create localized TiO2 nanorods

“…They assume the transformation of anatase into rutile nanoparticles to be major process during the hydrothermal growth of rutile TiO 2 nanorods [37–38]. It was observed by different groups that rutile TiO 2 nanorods grow hydrothermally on anatase particles with a diameter of approximately 25 nm [39–40]. Even if rutile TiO 2 seed nanocrystals are already present, it is assumed that anatase clusters diffuse along rutile TiO 2 surfaces towards low-energy facets and perform a solid-state phase transformation into rutile TiO 2 on these facets [41].…”