A Toxicological Assessment of Creatyl-<scp>l</scp>-Leucine

Reddeman, Robin A; Glávits, Róbert; Endres, John R.; Murbach, Timothy S.; Hirka, Gábor; Vértesi, Adél; Béres, Erzsébet; Szakonyiné, Ilona Pasics

doi:10.1177/1091581817751142

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…The observation that portal venous plasma creatine concentration from CLLD rats was not different from CON rats indicates that CLL is not converted to creatine in the intestine during digestion. Unpublished data suggested creatyl-L-glutamine was only 27% hydrolyzed to creatine in an in vitro model of digestion [ 10 ]. However, we conclude CLL is not a source of creatine during digestion as there was no bioaccumulation of creatine in tissues over the 7 days of CLL supplementation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Jäger et al published an extensive analysis of potential sources of creatine and concluded that CrM was the most favorable of the compounds tested [ 9 ]. Recently it has been suggested that the molecule creatyl- l -leucine (CLL) ( Figure 1 ) may potentially serve as a bioavailable form of creatine that could be used as a dietary ingredient [ 10 ]. In the same study, it was shown that CLL had no toxicity when provided for 90 days at 5 g/kg body weight in rats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Dietary Supplement Creatyl-l-Leucine Does Not Bioaccumulate in Muscle, Brain or Plasma and Is Not a Significant Bioavailable Source of Creatine

Silva

2022

Nutrients

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Creatine is an important energy metabolite that is concentrated in tissues such as the muscles and brain. Creatine is reversibly converted to creatine phosphate through a reaction with ATP or ADP, which is catalyzed by the enzyme creatine kinase. Dietary supplementation with relatively large amounts of creatine monohydrate has been proven as an effective sports supplement that can enhances athletic performance during acute high-energy demand physical activity. Some side effects have been reported with creatine monohydrate supplementation, which have stimulated research into new potential molecules that could be used as supplements to potentially provide bioavailable creatine. Recently, a popular supplement, creatyl-l-leucine, has been proposed as a potential dietary ingredient that may potentially provide bioavailable creatine. This study tests whether creatyl-l-leucine is a bioavailable compound and determines whether it can furnish creatine as a dietary supplement. Rats were deprived of dietary creatine for a period of two weeks and then given one of three treatments: a control AIN-93G creatine-free diet, AIN-93G supplemented with creatine monohydrate or AIN-93G with an equimolar amount of creatyl-l-leucine supplement in the diet for one week. When compared to the control and the creatine monohydrate-supplemented diet, creatyl-l-leucine supplementation resulted in no bioaccumulation of either creatyl-l-leucine or creatine in tissue.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Dietary Supplement Creatyl-l-Leucine Does Not Bioaccumulate in Muscle, Brain or Plasma and Is Not a Significant Bioavailable Source of Creatine

Silva

2022

Nutrients

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“…Super Creatine™ (i.e. creatyl-L-leucine) is a novel ingredient consisting of creatine bound to L-leucine by a covalent bond and an initial toxicological evaluation in rodents demonstrated no genotoxic effects [33]. As this ingredient has never been independently evaluated as an ergogenic aid, it is impossible to determine to what extent it may have contributed to the beneficial effects of BMB.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Bang® Pre-Workout Master Blaster® combined with four weeks of resistance training on lean body mass, maximal strength, mircoRNA expression, and serum IGF-1 in men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Schwarz

McKinley-Barnard

Blahnik

2019

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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BackgroundThe aim of the current study was to determine if 4 weeks of consumption of Bang® Pre-Workout Master Blaster® (BMB; Vital Pharmaceuticals Inc., Weston, FL) combined with resistance training resulted in greater increases in muscle mass and maximal strength compared with resistance training combined with placebo (PLA). Additionally, we aimed to determine if BMB ingestion combined with resistance training preferentially altered resting skeletal muscle expression of microRNAs (miRs) or resting serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1).MethodsSixteen recreationally-active men completed the study. The study employed a block-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design. Participants completed two testing sessions separated by 4 weeks of resistance exercise combined with daily supplementation of BMB or PLA. At each testing session, hemodynamics, body composition, and muscle and blood samples were obtained followed by strength assessments of the lower- and upper-body via measurement of squat and bench press one-repetition maximum (1-RM), respectively. A separate general linear model was utilized for analysis of each variable to determine the effect of each supplement (between-factor) over time (within-factor) using an a priori probability level of ≤0.05.ResultsNo significant effects were observed for dietary intake, hemodynamics, fat mass, body fat percentage, or serum IGF-1. A greater increase in total body mass (3.19 kg, 95% CI, 1.98 kg, 4.40 kg vs. 0.44 kg, 95% CI, − 0.50 kg, 1.39 kg) and lean body mass (3.15 kg, 95% CI, 1.80 kg, 4.49 kg vs. 0.89 kg, 95% CI, − 0.14 kg, 1.93 kg) was observed for the BMB group compared with PLA (p < 0.01). A significant increase over time was observed for miR-23a (p = 0.02) and miR-23b (p = 0.05) expression. A greater increase in squat 1-RM was observed for the BMB group (23.86 kg, 95% CI, 16.75 kg, 30.97 kg) compared with the PLA group (14.20 kg, 95% CI, 7.04 kg, 21.37 kg, p = 0.04).ConclusionsBMB supplementation combined with resistance exercise training for 4 weeks resulted in superior adaptations in maximal strength and LBM compared with resistance training with a placebo. No adverse resting hemodynamic or clinical blood safety markers were observed as a result of BMB supplementation. The superior outcomes associated with BMB supplementation could not be explained by resting serum IGF-1 or the skeletal muscle miRs measured, although resting miR-23a and miR-23b expression both increased as a result of resistance training.

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“…As we are interested in the safety profile of MLE at higher doses, investigation utilizing internationally recognized guidelines, and the determination of a NOAEL for MLE, we submit herein the first in vitro and in vivo toxicological assessment of a mango leaf extract containing 60% MGF (MLE) conducted in accordance with the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Principles of Good Laboratory Practices (GLP), ENV/MC/CHEM(98)17 [11], and the respective OECD guidelines. As the authors frequently perform this battery of toxicology studies, the methods description partly reproduces wording from other works [12–14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Toxicological Evaluation of Mango Leaf Extract (Mangifera indica) Containing 60% Mangiferin

Reddeman

Glávits²,

Endres

et al. 2019

Journal of Toxicology

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A battery of OECD- and GLP-compliant toxicological studies was performed on mango leaf extract (Mangifera indica) containing 60% mangiferin (MLE). No evidence of genotoxicity was found in a bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames). While evidence of clastogenic activity was noted in an in vitro chromosomal aberration test, an in vivo mammalian micronucleus test showed no findings up to the limit dose (2000 mg/kg bw). A 90-day repeated dose oral toxicity study was conducted in rats using doses of 0 (vehicle control), 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg bw/day. Based on the lack of mortality or toxic effects in the 90-day study, the NOAEL for MLE in Han:Wist male and female rats was determined to be 2000 mg/kg bw/day, the highest dose tested.

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A Toxicological Assessment of Creatyl-l-Leucine

Cited by 8 publications

References 33 publications

The Dietary Supplement Creatyl-l-Leucine Does Not Bioaccumulate in Muscle, Brain or Plasma and Is Not a Significant Bioavailable Source of Creatine

The Dietary Supplement Creatyl-l-Leucine Does Not Bioaccumulate in Muscle, Brain or Plasma and Is Not a Significant Bioavailable Source of Creatine

Effect of Bang® Pre-Workout Master Blaster® combined with four weeks of resistance training on lean body mass, maximal strength, mircoRNA expression, and serum IGF-1 in men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

A Toxicological Evaluation of Mango Leaf Extract (Mangifera indica) Containing 60% Mangiferin

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