A threat from both sides: Multiple introductions of genetically distinct H5 HPAI viruses into Canada via both East Asia-Australasia/Pacific and Atlantic flyways

Alkie, Tamiru Negash; Lopes, Sara; Hisanaga, Tamiko; Xu, Wanhong; Suderman, Matthew; Koziuk, Janice; Fisher, Mathew; Redford, Tony; Lung, Oliver; Joseph, Tomy; Himsworth, Chelsea G.; Brown, Ian H.; Bowes, Victoria; Lewis, Nicola S.; Berhane, Yohannes

doi:10.1093/ve/veac077

Cited by 53 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…1B) (Bevins et al 2022;Caliendo et al 2022), the opposite side of the continent from the 2014/15 incursion. However, a separate transpacific incursion was detected infecting a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) recovered from British Columbia, Canada in early 2022 whose viral lineage was found to be most closely genetically similar to a white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) from Hokkaido, Japan (Alkie et al 2022). Compared to historical patterns, North American wild bird mortality due to HPAIV has been much higher than expected during the typically low AIV transmission periods of spring and summer of 2022 (Pohlmann et al 2022).…”

Section: Spread Of Hpaiv Clade 2344 and Increasing Disease In Wild Birdsmentioning

confidence: 93%

The Changing Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1: Next Steps for Management & Science in North America

Harvey¹,

Mullinax²,

Runge³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 was introduced in North America in late 2021 through trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific pathways via migratory birds. These introductions have resulted in an unprecedented and widespread epizootic event for North America, heavily affecting poultry and free-living wild birds in the spring and summer of 2022. The North American incursions are occurring in the context of Europe’s largest epidemic season (2021 – 2022) where HPAIV may now be enzootic. A continued North American epizootic is expected in the fall of 2022 as migratory waterfowl return from their breeding grounds. The magnitude of the North American HPAIV spread indicates the need for effective decision framing to prioritize ongoing management needs and scientific inquiry, particularly for species at risk and interface areas for wildlife, poultry, and humans. The challenges of this global One Health disease could benefit from a decision framing which may result in improved collaboration across stakeholders, identification of management options, and prioritization of scientific needs. Here, we provide an overview of the Eurasian origin HPAIV H5N1 introduction, including a shift in the dynamics of disease, which has resulted in severe disease in wild birds. It is unclear if wild bird may have been previously not exposed or asymptomatic to disease. We seek to bring attention to the detrimental effects this One Health issue may have on wild birds, poultry, and potentially human health and to suggest that reframing ongoing disease management as decisions, rather than as scientific endeavors, could be a valuable change in focus.

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Section: Spread Of Hpaiv Clade 2344 and Increasing Disease In Wild Birdsmentioning

confidence: 93%

The Changing Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1: Next Steps for Management & Science in North America

Harvey¹,

Mullinax²,

Runge³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…America from the Pacific flyway of an A(H5N1) related to the viruses circulating in Japan was identified (Alkie et al, 2022). Since then the virus has spread all over North America undergoing reassortment events with LPAI viruses of the American lineages (Alkie et al, 2022). In October 2022, A(H5N1) viruses spread for the first time to Mexico and soon after to South America, including Peru, Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela, with mass mortality events reported in wild birds (BBC, online) and detections in poultry farms.…”

Section: Description Of the Nomenclature Of The Hpai A(h5) Viruses Us...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To align the nomenclature system between international organisations this classification has been adopted for this report. America from the Pacific flyway of an A(H5N1) related to the viruses circulating in Japan was identified (Alkie et al, 2022). Since then the virus has spread all over North America undergoing reassortment events with LPAI viruses of the American lineages (Alkie et al, 2022).…”

Section: Description Of the Nomenclature Of The Hpai A(h5) Viruses Us...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian influenza overview September – December 2022

Adlhoch¹,

Fusaro²,

Gonzáles³

et al. 2023

EFS2

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Between October 2021 and September 2022 Europe has suffered the most devastating highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epidemic with a total of 2,520 outbreaks in poultry, 227 outbreaks in captive birds, and 3,867 HPAI virus detections in wild birds. The unprecedent geographical extent (37 European countries affected) resulted in 50 million birds culled in affected establishments. In the current reporting period, between 10 September and 2 December 2022, 1,163 HPAI virus detections were reported in 27 European countries in poultry (398), captive (151) and wild birds (613). A decrease in HPAI virus detections in colony‐breeding seabirds species and an increase in the number of detections in waterfowl has been observed. The continuous circulation of the virus in the wild reservoir has led to the frequent introduction of the virus into poultry populations. It is suspected that waterfowl might be more involved than seabirds in the incursion of HPAI virus into poultry establishments. In the coming months, the increasing infection pressure on poultry establishments might increase the risk of incursions in poultry, with potential further spread, primarily in areas with high poultry densities. The viruses detected since September 2022 (clade 2.3.4.4b) belong to eleven genotypes, three of which have circulated in Europe during the summer months, while eight represent new genotypes. HPAI viruses were also detected in wild and farmed mammal species in Europe and North America, showing genetic markers of adaptation to replication in mammals. Since the last report, two A(H5N1) detections in humans in Spain, one A(H5N1), one A(H5N6) and one A(H9N2) human infection in China as well as one A(H5) infection without NA‐type result in Vietnam were reported, respectively. The risk of infection is assessed as low for the general population in the EU/EEA, and low to medium for occupationally exposed people.

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“…The 2021–2022 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) season was the lengthiest so far in Europe, with more countries and poultry farms than ever before reporting infections. Other continents, such as North America, were also heavily affected [ 1 , 2 ]. The high number of HPAI infections in wild birds during this epizootic was unprecedented, and fatal infections occurred in a broad range of bird species [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Mutation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus Identified in the Brain of Multiple Wild Carnivore Species

et al. 2023

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Wild carnivore species infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus subtype H5N1 during the 2021-2022 outbreak in the Netherlands included red fox (Vulpes vulpes), polecat (Mustela putorius), otter (Lutra lutra), and badger (Meles meles). Most of the animals were submitted for testing because they showed neurological signs. In this study, the HPAI H5N1 virus was detected by PCR and/or immunohistochemistry in 11 animals and was primarily present in brain tissue, often associated with a (meningo) encephalitis in the cerebrum. In contrast, the virus was rarely detected in the respiratory tract and intestinal tract and associated lesions were minimal. Full genome sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that these carnivore viruses were related to viruses detected in wild birds in the Netherlands. The carnivore viruses themselves were not closely related, and the infected carnivores did not cluster geographically, suggesting that they were infected separately. The mutation PB2-E627K was identified in most carnivore virus genomes, providing evidence for mammalian adaptation. This study showed that brain samples should be included in wild life surveillance programs for the reliable detection of the HPAI H5N1 virus in mammals. Surveillance of the wild carnivore population and notification to the Veterinary Authority are important from a one-heath perspective, and instrumental to pandemic preparedness.

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A threat from both sides: Multiple introductions of genetically distinct H5 HPAI viruses into Canada via both East Asia-Australasia/Pacific and Atlantic flyways

Cited by 53 publications

References 50 publications

The Changing Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1: Next Steps for Management & Science in North America

The Changing Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1: Next Steps for Management & Science in North America

Avian influenza overview September – December 2022

Zoonotic Mutation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus Identified in the Brain of Multiple Wild Carnivore Species

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