A thermodynamic and kinetic study of the formation and evolution of corrosion product scales on 13Cr stainless steel in a geothermal environment

Yue, Xiaoqi; Zhang, Lei; Sun, Chi‐Lu; Xu, Shusheng; Wang, Chun; Lu, Minxu; Neville, Anne; Hua, Yong

doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108640

Cited by 31 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Besides, the delayed precipitation of crystalline FeCO3 under the dynamic conditions prevented the increase in cathode areas on the surface as well as the development of the localised corrosion. Cr(OH)3 were thermodynamically stable corrosion products as the pCO2 increased to 28.5 bar [43]. The inner corrosion layer was mainly Cr(OH)3 (confirmed by Raman as shown in Figure 8), which was proved to form via the precipitation reactions [47]:…”

Section: The Corrosion Product Film-induced the Localised Corrosion At Pco2 Of 27 Barmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…The high corrosion rates in the first 5 hours indicated that super 13Cr SS does not achieve passivity at pCO2 of 2.7 bar and 200 o C. The passive film on the surface was partially dissolved because of the high temperature and pressure conditions which accelerated the transport of metal ions outward [14]. The dissolved sites acted as an anode and the diffused Fe 2+ partially replaced the octahedral sites of Cr 3+ within Cr2O3 on the surface, forming the FeCr2O4 layer by reactions (4)-( 6) [14,43]. The generated hydrogen ions during the corrosion processes are consumed via corresponding cathodic reactions as follows [23,37]:…”

Section: Effect Of Small Flow Velocity On the Growth Of Multilayer Corrosion Products At Pco2 Of 27 Barmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of a small velocity variation on the evolution of the corrosion products and corrosion behaviour of super 13Cr SS in a geothermal CO2 containing environment

Yue

Zhang

Ма³

et al. 2021

Corrosion Science

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Section: The Corrosion Product Film-induced the Localised Corrosion At Pco2 Of 27 Barmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Effect Of Small Flow Velocity On the Growth Of Multilayer Corrosion Products At Pco2 Of 27 Barmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of a small velocity variation on the evolution of the corrosion products and corrosion behaviour of super 13Cr SS in a geothermal CO2 containing environment

Yue

Zhang

Ма³

et al. 2021

Corrosion Science

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“…In this study, martensitic steel X20Cr13 was used as a substrate because it is the most affordable Cr-containing steel, often applied as tubing material in both oil and gas, and geothermal environments [40]. Due to their ability to form a passive layer, martensitic 13Cr steels have slightly better corrosion resistance than carbon steel [41].…”

Section: Al 2 O 3 Coatings On X20cr13 Steels For Geothermal Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the demand for pipeline materials for high-temperature applications, corrosion studies of 13Cr steels have also been performed at higher temperatures, for example, up to 250 • C [40,43]. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the corrosion mechanism of 13Cr steels because of the complex corrosion processes, especially the formation of the passive layer and its protectability in the medium.…”

Section: Al 2 O 3 Coatings On X20cr13 Steels For Geothermal Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Al2O3 Sol-Gel Coatings on X20Cr13 in Artificial North German Basin Geothermal Water at 150 °C

et al. 2021

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Al2O3 has been widely used as a coating in industrial applications due to its excellent chemical and thermal resistance. Considering high temperatures and aggressive mediums exist in geothermal systems, Al2O3 can be a potential coating candidate to protect steels in geothermal applications. In this study, γ-Al2O3 was used as a coating on martensitic steels by applying AlOOH sol followed by a heat treatment at 600 °C. To evaluate the coating application process, one-, two-, and three-layer coatings were tested in the artificial North German Basin (NGB), containing 166 g/L Cl−, at 150 °C and 1 MPa for 168 h. To reveal the stability of the Al2O3 coating in NGB solution, three-layer coatings were used in exposure tests for 24, 168, 672, and 1296 h, followed by surface and cross-section characterization. SEM images show that the Al2O3 coating was stable up to 1296 h of exposure, where the outer layer mostly transformed into boehmite AlOOH with needle-like crystals dominating the surface. Closer analysis of cross-sections showed that the interface between each layer was affected in long-term exposure tests, which caused local delamination after 168 h of exposure. In separate experiments, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed at 150 °C to evaluate the changes of coatings within the first 24 h. Results showed that the most significant decrease in the impedance is within 6 h, which can be associated with the electrolyte penetration through the coating, followed by the formation of AlOOH. Here, results of both short-term EIS measurements (up to 24 h) and long-term exposure tests (up to 1296 h) are discussed.

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“…Many studies have proved the growth of the carbonated corrosion scales by the precipitation/dissolution processes 10,[30][31][32] . The steel substrate beneath the carbonates suffered localised corrosion since the naturally formed corrosion scales are porous and local dissolution of the corrosion scales can occur at the material interface.…”

Section: Stability Properties Of Corrosion Products Caused By Ca Dopingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamental insights into the stabilisation and chemical degradation of the corrosion product scales

2021

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Carbonate stability plays a crucial role in clarifying the evolution and protection of the naturally formed corrosion scales on the steel surface in the application of geothermal production. In this paper, the stability of the corrosion scales from both micro and atomic level are studied via a combination of electrochemistry, surface analysis and first-principle calculation. The chemical and physical characterisation of various iron–calcium mixed carbonates are experimentally analysed and results are compared with the first-principle calculation. In the presence of Ca2+, the preferential loss of Ca during the dissolution experiments was observed, the interactions within the crystal weaken where Ca2+ co-precipitation, confirmed by a faster degradation rate for Ca0.51Fe0.49CO3 than FeCO3. This work reveals the degradation and protection performance of the naturally formed carbonate layers and provides insights into understanding the corrosion product stability and chemical breakdown of the corrosion scales.

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A thermodynamic and kinetic study of the formation and evolution of corrosion product scales on 13Cr stainless steel in a geothermal environment

Cited by 31 publications

References 34 publications

Influence of a small velocity variation on the evolution of the corrosion products and corrosion behaviour of super 13Cr SS in a geothermal CO2 containing environment

Influence of a small velocity variation on the evolution of the corrosion products and corrosion behaviour of super 13Cr SS in a geothermal CO2 containing environment

Study of Al2O3 Sol-Gel Coatings on X20Cr13 in Artificial North German Basin Geothermal Water at 150 °C

Fundamental insights into the stabilisation and chemical degradation of the corrosion product scales

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