A Thermally Re-mendable Cross-Linked Polymeric Material

Chen, Xiangxu; Dam, M. A.; Ono, Kanji; Mal, Ajit; Shen, Hua; Nutt, Steven; Sheran, Kevin; Wudl, Fred

doi:10.1126/science.1065879

Cited by 2,271 publications

(1,765 citation statements)

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“…the healing of a small cut in skin and fractured bones. Mimicking biological systems, a number of synthetic materials have now been designed with the ability to spontaneously restore their mechanical properties and functions upon damage [1][2][3][4][5]. Over the last few years, self-healing has been observed in a wide range of nanostructured materials, such as ceramic nanocrystals, carbon nanotube and graphene [6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Healing of Fractured GaAs Nanowires

et al. 2011

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Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate a spontaneous self-healing process in fractured GaAs nanowires with a zinc blende structure. The results show that such self-healing can indeed occur via rebonding of Ga and As atoms across the fracture surfaces, but it can be strongly influenced by several factors, including wire size, number of healing cycles, temperature, fracture morphology, oriented attachment and atomic diffusion. For example, it is found that the self-healing capacity is reduced by 46% as the lateral dimension of the wire increases from 2.3 to 9.2 nm, and by 64% after 24 repeated cycles of fracture and healing. Other factors influencing the self-healing behavior are also discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Healing of Fractured GaAs Nanowires

et al. 2011

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“…[3][4][5] In contrast, intrinsic self-healing materials can recover their properties due to the presence of specific reversible chemical bonds, which is beneficial due to the possibility of multiple healing steps at the same location. 6 These binding motifs can be composed of either dynamic covalent bonds, [7][8][9] for example, the Diels-Alder reaction [10][11][12] or radical-based systems, 13 or supramolecular interactions, such as hydrogen or halogen bonds, [14][15][16] ionic interactions, 17 π-π interactions, 18 host-guest interactions 19 or metal-ligand interactions. [20][21][22][23] Often there is a trade-off between the mechanical properties and the healing efficiency (Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrinsic self-healing polymers with a high E-modulus based on dynamic reversible urea bonds

et al. 2017

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The straightforward synthesis of a urea polymer network is presented. Commercially available monomers are polymerized using light-induced polymerization, resulting in networks crosslinked by hindered urea molecules. These moieties are reversible and, thus, can be converted into the starting compounds (that is, isocyanate and amine) by a simple thermal treatment. This process is monitored using differential scanning calorimetry as well as Raman and infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the self-healing ability of these polymer networks is investigated using scratch-healing tests as well as bulk-healing investigations using tensile testing. The resultant materials have a high E-modulus, are able to heal scratches at temperatures above 70°C multiple times and their mechanical properties can be partially regenerated. The underlying healing mechanism is based on the reversible opening of the urea bonds and exchange reactions between two functional groups, which were confirmed from a spectroscopic analysis. In summary, these new materials are a new type of intrinsically healable polymers and provide a first step toward hard and healable polymers.

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“…Polymeric materials can be healed using light or heat based activation methods. 3 However, those approaches are restricted in that they require human intervention to trigger the healing process.…”

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confidence: 99%